Trial by Jury, Is the Lamp That Shows That Freedom Lives Assignment

Trial by Jury, Is the Lamp That Shows That Freedom Lives - Assignment Example The task of this paper is to determine whether â€Å"the lamp that shows that freedom lives† has lost its glow or is there still a need for jury service? The answers to the questions are in the affirmative. The prevailing government policy is to limit access to trial by jury to the most serious offences or indictable offences such as murder and rape and persons accused of summary offences such as driving offences, drunkenness or disorderly behaviour, common assault and criminal damage where the damage cost is less than ?50003 shall not be entitled to a trial by jury. Cases of this nature shall fall within the jurisdiction of the Magistrates Court. On the other hand, the Magistrates or Crown Court has concurrent jurisdiction over offenses such as theft, burglary and assault resulting in actual bodily harm, these are otherwise known as the â€Å"tri-able either way† offences. However, before a case is sent to the Crown Court, the Magistrates Court shall first determine if the case is grave enough to warrant an indictment before the Crown. Jury participation is seen to have been gradually dissipated or eroded. Before 1927, a coroner’s inquests is participated by juries to determine if there is sufficient ground to indict the person accused of the crime of killing to stand trial-either for murder or manslaughter. However, jury participation in 1927 was to limited inquest cases and under the Coroners Act 19884, coroner’s jury shall be necessary only when there is reason to suspect a death occurred in prison; in police custody or as a result of police causing injury; which is reportable under separate legislation to a government department or officer or to the Health & Safety Executive; occurring in circumstances prejudicial to public health or safety; and in any other case where it appears to him that there is reason to do so. Under the guise of administration of law and speedy disposition of cases, trial by jury is restricted in minor of fences and this is advocated to favour the victims of more serious or heinous crimes. Jury participation was dispensed with under the proposed Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 where the Home Office Secretary is empowered to create special inquests for reasons of national security or when public interest requires it. Although this provision was removed from the Counter-Terrorism Bill, it was included in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Jury trial has likewise been abolished in civil cases except for cases involving libel and false imprisonment as well as in the Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004.5 The first argument proffered by the government that trial by jury is a slow process is indeed valid considering that it involves jury selection, interpretation of the law and summation of evidence by the judge and ending with the deliberation of the jury to either acquit or convict however expediency should not sacrifice the right of the accused to be tried by his peers summoned to m ake an fair and impartial ruling. This is a substantial right which cannot be withdrawn at will by the government because this guarantees that the accused’

Sophies World Outline Essay Example for Free

Sophies World Outline Essay The idea that nothing can come from nothing is introduced. Sophie questions whether all things come from a basic element. She learned that things in nature are in a constant state of transformation. Is there a beginning of everything? What do you believe it to be?introduction: The idea that nothing can come from nothing is introduced. Sophie questions whether all things come from a basic element. She learned that things in nature are in a constant state of transformation. Is there a beginning of everything? What do you believe it to be? Yanotan Zelink I. event one A. Sophie receives a letter containing three new questions. Which she contemplates an entire day before getting another packet with a letter explaining to her that the philosophy course will be going from ancient Greek philosophy up to present day philosophy. B. She learns that the ancient Greeks believed the world was eternal. â€Å"The earliest Greek Philosophers are sometimes called natural philosophers because they were mainly concerned with the natural world and its processes† (30). So, they never asked about where it came from. Instead they were interested in the question of change. C. The Tao of Physics. II.event two A. The debate â€Å"what are we made of?† is raised. Early philosophers shared a belief that there had to be a certain basic substance at the root of all change. B. While some natural philosophers believed that everything was made of water, others believed they were made of air. â€Å"Earth, air, and fire were all necessary the creation of life† (33). C. Human-Aesthetic Perfection Song Lyrics. III.event three A. All Things Flow- â€Å"Everything is in constant flux and movement, nothing is abiding. Therefore we ‘cannot step twice into the river.’†(34)- Heraclitus B. Heraclitus states the world is made of opposites- we would not appreciate one thing if we did not experience the other. C. A Healthy Transformation by Dr. Jeffery McCombs. IV.conclusion A. As Sophie thinks about all of this, she concludes that one cannot learn philosophy. They can only learn how to think like a philosopher. V.journal questions A. If you were to come up with your own philosophy about life and what we’re made of, what would it be? Explain your philosophy. B. Other than physical aspects of a human, such as bones or basic elements, what would you say humans are made of emotionally or philosophically? Why? C. If there was only good in the world and no bad, how would it be and how would the outcome affect the world?

Why are walls important?

Why are walls important? Why are walls important? Walls are very important parts of buildings, they have several useful functions: * Protect us from dangerous animals and people * Provide shelter from elements such as wind and rain * Makes a ‘secure home * Bears the loads of the roofs, floors and furniture Block work Standard blocks are 6 times larger than standard bricks, this means that bricklayers can build the wall more quickly, therefore taking less time and reducing labouring costs. For the walls, the external walls will be cavity walls made from aerated concrete blocks and the internal walls will be made from dense concrete blocks. The reasons for these choices will be explained further on. What are and Aerated Concrete blocks and why I have chosen Duncan Marshall (2008) says that; Aerated blocks consist of water, cement, pulverised fuel ash, sand and lime. Aerated concrete blocks are very versatile as they can be used in many different parts of the building, such as party and solid walls, cavity walls (internal and external leaves) and foundations. We will be using Celcon aerated concrete blocks, which are BBA certified (British Board of Agrà ©ment, which is the UKs major authority offering approval of construction products). Sizes (in mm): 215 125 440 Reasons for using Aerated blocks for the inner and outer leaf: * Good thermal insulation (Thermal conductivity is 0.15W/mK, Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to transmit heat, the lower the value the better) * Easy to handle for labourers/bricklayers, as theyre relatively lightweight and can be cut and chased * Closed cell structure means they have good water penetration resistance * Good fire protection Class O surface spread of flame (the best rating) * Non combustible * Relatively strong (Strength 3.6 N/mm ²) What are Dense Concrete blocks and Why I have chosen them? Dense concrete blocks consist of cement, aggregate (fine and coarse). We will be using Celcon Hi (7) Strength blocks. Sizes (in mm): 215 150 440 Reasons for using dense concrete blocks for the internal walls (party/solid walls): * Very strong (7.3N/ mm ²) * They provide a good surface for most renders and plasters * Good sound protection This is an illustration of a building regulation (part A) for the compressive strength needed of walls. For the external walls it will be a cavity wall comprising of aerated concrete blocks (7.2N/mm2), and the inner walls will be a solid wall of dense concrete blocks (7.3N/mm2). Height of wall Length Minimum thickness Not exceeding 3.5m Up to 12m 190mm for whole height Exceeding 3.5m but not 9m Not exceeding 9m 190mm for whole height 9m 12m 290mm from base for 1 storey and 190mm for remaining height Exceeding 9m but not 12m Not exceeding 9m 290mm from base for height of 1 storey and 190mm for rest of height Exceeding 9m but not 12m 290mm from base for the height of 2 storeys and 190mm for rest of height This is a table from the building regulations (Part A) about the thickness of walls. For our design, the internal and external walls both exceed 290mm, therefore the walls will have the correct thickness. Mortar Mortar is needed to bond the blocks together to provide stability for the wall, therefore building. It also seals gaps between the blocks to prevent water getting through the gaps when it rains. Blocks (aerated and dense) Duncan Marshall (2008) recommends our buildings will have a mortar ratio of 1:1:6 (cement: lime: sand). The reason for having a low amount of cement (cement provides the strength) compared to the sand (sand gives volume), is that making the mortar not that strong is so that it doesnt limit movement and will cause cracks in the joints rather than the concrete blocks. This mixture is recommended by a professional concrete company, therefore it wont be too weak, as then the mortar will fail. Jointing/pointing bucket_handle.gifAll of the buildings will have the bucket handle design. This is because Duncan Marshall (2008) says it helps seal the joint, also it compresses the mortar slightly and the shape improves resistance to water penetration. Walls Quoins Out of these three different types of bonding block work we will use 5 (reveal quoin), because its the most simple bond, therefore easier for bricklayers to build the wall, and reducing the likelihood of errors occurring. Also 3 bonding will be used if needed to keep the whole wall to the correct dimension. Cavity Walls For all our cavity walls in our buildings, they will be partial fill cavity walls. Kingspan Insulation says; one of its main advantages is that it prevents rain getting to the inner leaf, which would cause dampness in the walls, therefore weakening the walls. One disadvantage with partial fill cavity walls happens in the physical construction of the wall takes place, if the walls arent sealed completely, airflow in the wall leads to an enormous amount of heat loss within the wall (shown by red areas in 2). This can be caused by dirty ties and mortar snots, which are pieces of mortar which have dropped into the cavity, and cause moisture. 125 75 20 125 20 Block Cavity Insulation Plasterboard 365mm F . Cavity Walls Wall ties Duncan Marshall (2008) says; as we are having a partial fill cavity we have to use this special tie with plastic retainer. In the 2004 Regulations (Approved Document A) there is a requirement to use stainless steel ties. Building regulations says the tie should be bedded at least 50mm in each leaf. In terms of the tie angle, it should be slightly sloped toward the outside leaf; otherwise the other leaf will get damp. Cavity Walls Movement joints The materials that make up a wall will expand and contract because of reasons such as temperature and moisture content. Because concrete blocks are made of cement, they will shrink slightly. Therefore, the big sections of wall need to be shortened to accommodate for the movement, if movement joints are placed correctly, this will prevent the wall from cracking. Duncan Marshall (2008) says that the movement joints of internal concrete block walls should have movement joints approx every 6 metres, but the 1st joint should only be 3 metres away from a corner or bend in the wall. We will incorporate this into our designs. Cavity Walls- Jambs The blue line is the window Damp proof course prevents water penetration from the jamb of the window frame Cavity Walls Lintels Duncan Marshall (2008) say that the lintels carry the distributed load of brickwork across the top of the window frame. Lintels can be up to lengths of 4500mm and when constructed should have at least 150mm bearing on the wall either side. Lintel with insulation to prevent cold bridging, cold bridging happens when heat is lost from the inside of the building to the outside because the material (this case the lintel) is the ‘bridge for the heat loss. When the insulation is there, it has a higher thermal conductivity than the lintel (galvanised steel), so the heat ‘bridges to the insulation and not outside the building. 10 This is very important concept of insulation, that also applies to cavity and solid walls where insulation is used. Insulation External Walls Insulation boards are used to keep the heat within a room/building so that the living/working conditions are favourable. We will have WT20 insulation boards (size is 1200x600x20mm) from warmtiles.co.uk Board Sizes Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Resistance (k-value) U-value (W/m ²K) Weight (kgs) 1200 x 600 x 20 mm 0.029 0.69 1.45 0.45 The U value is the amount of heat which will flow through 1 square metre of a wall for every degree in temperature difference between the inside and outside. Resistance is the resistance to heat flow of a material of a given thickness. Now I can calculate the U-value for the walls. U value for cavity walls (Thickness/Thermal Conductivity = Resistance) This transitions into weep holes; weep holes allow the water to exit the cavity. As we are only using blocks, we will use plastic weep holes that are placed every 450 mm. Weep holes, damp proof courses and the bucket handle mortar are excellent parts of the wall that allow it to prevent water penetration. Cavity Walls-Sills Cavity Walls joining cavity walls to internal walls This is how we will join the inner leaf to the internal walls, also where two internal walls (could be party walls) join, it will be toothed in. Walls Door and Window frames (Openings) The building regulation below specifies the sum of openings (w1+w2) shouldnt be more than 2/3 ‘L. Opening heights should be less than 2.1m, and the width less than 3m. This ensures the wall is not weakened significantly under compression by openings. We used this formula for a standard room (not disabled). Length of whole wall Door sizes Thickness= 40mm 2040 mm 826mm Windows A very common part of walls, and obligatory for accommodation buildings are windows. Window sizes (British Standard: 2003) 1050 mm 1800 mm *Purple segments are windows that open (white arrows indicate what direction they open), orange segments are fixed. This type of window is called ‘Left-hand multi light. Sound Control One of the functions of the walls is to control the airborne sounds, such as aeroplanes and cars travelling outside of the building. The internal walls will be made out of dense concrete blocks, as this provides good sound protection. Celcon aerated blocks also have just as good of a level of sound protection. Osbourn and Greeno (2007), say the Sound reduction index (SRI) is a way of measuring the effectiveness of construction insulating airborne sound. We will have a block cavity wall which is plastered, this has a SRI number of 49, and 150 mm dense concrete walls which have a SRI number of about 46. These are relatively acceptable SRI values to be used in construction. Finishes There are different finishes you can have for aerated concrete blocks; plastered, rendered and painted. For the outside of the external walls we will render the walls (10mm wide). For internal walls (dense concrete blocks) we will have plaster boards (20mm wide). Cement Rendering After the mortar and blocks are bonded, render will be applied. For our design we are using aerated concrete blocks for the external walls, therefore we should not use strong renders (Duncan Marshall, 2008), because when the dense mix shrinks, it will go past the limit of stress that the blocks can handle, therefore cracking will occur. Our building will have a very similar aesthetic appearance to this building (right), except for the colour. References David Littlefield, et al., 2008, Metric handbook, 3rd Edition, Duncan Marshall ,2008, Construction Website 0809 (unframed construction) http://learn.lboro.ac.uk/file.php/1183/UWE08/index.htm Dereck Osbourn and Roger Greeno, Mitchells Introduction to Building 4th Edition Julian McKenzie (Lectures) Sizes of concrete blocks http://www.sigexpress.co.uk/Aerated-Concrete-Blocks/Celcon-100mm-Standard-Block.htm Partial Fill Cavity Walls http://www.insulateonline.com/index1.htm?walls2.htm~main Insulation Boards http://www.warmtiles.co.uk/category.php?id_category=17 Analytical Essay: The Teaching Of Speaking Analytical Essay: The Teaching Of Speaking The theme of the research paper is The Teaching of Speaking. For the teacher it is very essential to know how to teach speaking foreign language correctly and to be able to do that. That is why there are several methods and manners how to give the knowledge in an easier manner to the students. The aim: To investigate what methods are used to teach speaking are used mostly and find out as many as possible teaching speaking methods. The enabling objectives: to find out and study theory on the teaching of speaking(mention the theme) to collect and summarize the gained data to draw conclusions The research question: Which methods are used to improve teaching the teaching of speaking? The methods of research: analysis of the theoretical material case study The tools of research and data collection: analysis of the teaching of speaking methods 1.THE TEACHING OF SPEAKING What is speaking? In fact, speaking is an action carrying out the information or expressing feelings and emotions, persons thoughts in spoken language. Speaking is also the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts (Chaney, 1998, p. 13). By the teaching of speaking is meant to produce the English speech sounds and sound patterns, use word and sentence stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the language, select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social setting, audience, situation and subject matter, organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence and use language as a means of expressing values and judgments (Online 2). 1.1Strategies for Developing Speaking Skills According to the internet source, students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also an important part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language (Online 1). These strategies can help students to enlarge their knowledge of language. If the students are confident in speaking, it would be more easier to receive the other information while learning. 1.1.1Using minimal responses Language learners who are not confident about their ability to participate successfully in oral disscussions often listen in silence while others do the talking. One way to encourage such learners to begin to participate is to help them build up a stock of minimal responses that they can use in different types of exchanges. Such responses can be especially useful for beginners (Online 1). Minimal responses are predictable, often idiomatic phrases that conversation participants use to indicate understanding, agreement, doubt, and other responses to what another speaker is saying. Having a stock of such responses enables a learner to focus on what the other participant is saying, without having to simultaneously plan a response (Online 1). 1.1.2Recognizing scripts Some communication situations are associated with a predictable set of spoken exchanges a script. Greetings, apologies, compliments, invitations, and other functions that are influenced by social and cultural norms often follow patterns or scripts. So do the transactional exchanges involved in activities such as obtaining information and making a purchase. In these scripts, the relationship between a speakers turn and the one that follows it can often be anticipated. Instructors can help students develop speaking ability by making them aware of the scripts for different situations so that they can predict what they will hear and what they will need to say in response. Through interactive activities, instructors can give students practice in managing and varying the language that different scripts contain. 1.1.3Using language to talk about language Language learners are often too embarrassed or shy to say anything when they do not understand another speaker or when they realize that a conversation partner has not understood them. Instructors can help students overcome this reticence by assuring them that misunderstanding and the need for clarification can occur in any type of interaction, whatever the participants language skill levels. Instructors can also give students strategies and phrases to use for clarification and comprehension check. By encouraging students to use clarification phrases in class when misunderstanding occurs, and by responding positively when they do, instructors can create an authentic practice environment within the classroom itself. As they develop control of various clarification strategies, students will gain confidence in their ability to manage the various communication situations that they may encounter outside the classroom. 1.2How to teach speaking According to the given internet sources, now many linguists and teachers consider that students can improve their communication and speaking skills working into groups together with other students and playing real-life situations in the target language. To achieve the goal of speaking well, the students need to improve their language fluency (speaking smoothly), pronunciation (saying words properly) and enunciation (saying words and phrases clearly) (Online 4). Fluency comes from practice. Every English speaking person cannot improve speaking smoothly in some two months, it comes after longer time. T o get to the aim, there should be made speech of long, complicated sentences. For example, to build more fluent speech, a helper could be discussions, presentations, role plays, negations, debates, interviews and meetings. Pronunciation is the ability to say words properly with the correct sounds in the correct places (Online 4). To make words sound correctly, it can take very long time to develop the pronunciation. As suggested in the internet source, the student should focus on working on specific vowels, trouble consonants, and working on understanding movement and location of mouth and tongue when making sounds (Online 4). In phonetics, enunciation is the act of speaking. Good enunciation is the act of speaking clearly and concisely (Online 5). If the enunciation of the speech is pure, others will not be able to understand speakers speech. To avoid misunderstandings in the communication towards others, according to the internet sources, the student should pay attention to trouble word combinations, reductions, sentence and word level stress points and sentence level intonation patterns. 2.WHICH TEACHING METHODS ARE MORE PREFERABLE FOR STUDENTS THEMSELVES If there were a questionnaire, the aim of it would be to clear up which of the teaching methods are more understandable and useful for the students themselves. No one can answer to this question more precise and honestly as the students. CONCLUSIONS The teaching of speaking means that the teacher gives the knowledge to the student how to communicate with others, to produce sounds, words correctly and clearly, to use precisely intonation patterns, to choose appropriate themes which to speak to the proper social setting and audience. There are a lot of teaching methods which can be used in the teaching process, but, in my opinion, more preferable methods are those who are easier and understandable for the students. For instance, to make your speech more fluent and clearer, it can be enough to read articles with complicated vocabulary and sentence structure aloud every day. Rounding up, if the teacher is teaching in a simple manner and understandable for students. THESIS Speaking is an action carrying out the information or expressing feelings and emotions, persons thoughts in spoken language. Many linguists and teachers consider that students can improve their communication and speaking skills working into groups together with other students and playing real-life situations in the target language. To build more fluent speech, a helper could be discussions, presentations, role plays, negations, debates, interviews and meetings. Fluency comes from practice. Every English speaking person cannot improve speaking smoothly in some two months, it comes after longer time. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language.

Separation of Online Communities :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Separation of Online Communities On January 10 of 2003, I struggled with an inorganic chemistry homework problem on entropy before the night of my exam. I logged on to an inorganic chemistry forum. This forum is similar to the structure of a classroom. The forum is popular among two types of members, instructors and students. The students post their homework, and the instructors answer the questions posted by the students. The average number of posts in that site is 30 per day. The forum is extremely popular and continuously filled with questions and requests for help with homework. I was hoping that someone knew the answer to my question and would respond to me before my exam. I therefore posted: â€Å"Rank the following element in decrease entropy, Al(s), Ba(s), Hg (l), H2 (g), HBr (g), Thanks for your help I would like to know the answer of this A.S.A.P because my exam is tomorrow morning.† Within an hour I received this response from Professor Helmenstine, the administrator of the site, also a professor in chemistry department: The order should be HBr (g), H2 (g), Hg (l), Ba(s), Al(s). An ordered state has a low probability of occurring and low entropy. A disordered state has a high probability of occurring and high entropy. Gas has the highest entropy because it is more disordered than any other element. And solid is in the most ordered state; therefore it has the lowest entropy. I know this is the first time you posted but I must inform you that integrity is essential in this site’s posting. I recommend you follow your school’s honor codes and not attempt to get any unauthorized aid from this site. Please check out this site’s regulation page and please follow the rules of this site. I hope that I helped and good luck on your exam.† (Helmenstine) I was delighted that I was able to receive help from a forum. After all, the online communities are similar to what Rheingold stated in his article â€Å"Virtual Community.† â€Å"In the summer of 1986, my then-two-year-old daughter picked up a tick. There was this blood-bloated thing suck on our baby’s scalp, and we weren’t quiet sure how to go about getting it off. Separation of Online Communities :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers Separation of Online Communities On January 10 of 2003, I struggled with an inorganic chemistry homework problem on entropy before the night of my exam. I logged on to an inorganic chemistry forum. This forum is similar to the structure of a classroom. The forum is popular among two types of members, instructors and students. The students post their homework, and the instructors answer the questions posted by the students. The average number of posts in that site is 30 per day. The forum is extremely popular and continuously filled with questions and requests for help with homework. I was hoping that someone knew the answer to my question and would respond to me before my exam. I therefore posted: â€Å"Rank the following element in decrease entropy, Al(s), Ba(s), Hg (l), H2 (g), HBr (g), Thanks for your help I would like to know the answer of this A.S.A.P because my exam is tomorrow morning.† Within an hour I received this response from Professor Helmenstine, the administrator of the site, also a professor in chemistry department: The order should be HBr (g), H2 (g), Hg (l), Ba(s), Al(s). An ordered state has a low probability of occurring and low entropy. A disordered state has a high probability of occurring and high entropy. Gas has the highest entropy because it is more disordered than any other element. And solid is in the most ordered state; therefore it has the lowest entropy. I know this is the first time you posted but I must inform you that integrity is essential in this site’s posting. I recommend you follow your school’s honor codes and not attempt to get any unauthorized aid from this site. Please check out this site’s regulation page and please follow the rules of this site. I hope that I helped and good luck on your exam.† (Helmenstine) I was delighted that I was able to receive help from a forum. After all, the online communities are similar to what Rheingold stated in his article â€Å"Virtual Community.† â€Å"In the summer of 1986, my then-two-year-old daughter picked up a tick. There was this blood-bloated thing suck on our baby’s scalp, and we weren’t quiet sure how to go about getting it off.

Alzheimer Disease Not Just Memory Loss

Alchemist's Disease: Not Just Memory Loss Introduction Memory loss is like an old age where it is a condition which mankind has always reluctantly recognized and always – with resignation. Memory loses are sometimes trivial and meaningless and go unrecognized. However, when these losses are so great that a person does not know who or where they are the concerns are quite grave. Although It Is realize that Alchemist's disease destroys the brain memory function, many do not realize precisely how the memory is destroyed once one is aware of the process; it becomes faster to work forward to alleviate the destruction.Walkout memory there Is no knowledge to recreate or reproduce past perception, emotions, thoughts and actions that are so vital to live a full and functioning life. Memory is the key that unlocks doors that keep us functioning, not only mentally but physically. Discussion As a new era dawns upon us many people find themselves asking the question; â€Å"What is Alchemi st's Disease? † Alchemist's Disease today affects almost all people in some way. Since the amount of lives this disease affects continues to increase epidemiologists have named Alchemist's Disease, â€Å"The Disease tot the Century†. Edwardian, 2007, IPPP-362) In 1906 a German neurologist Allis Alchemies performed a neurological autopsy on a 56-year-old woman who had suffered deteriorating mental health for many years before her death. Alchemies noticed a disorientation of nerve cells in her cerebral cortex, the area of the brain responsible for controlling memory and reasoning. There were two oddities he found. The first was an accumulation of cellular debris surrounding the nerves he called this senile plaque. The second oddity were groups of nerves that were bunched and twisted he called this neurotically tangles.In the following years as more autopsies were inducted the same oddities that were found in 1906 were found in patients displaying the same symptoms. At tha t time a prestigious German psychiatrist, Emil Grapnel, proposed naming the disease In honor of Its discoverer Also Alchemies. (First 2008, #6-88) Alchemist's Disease American's Disease is a chronic brain disorder that destroys one's ability to reason, remember, imagine and learn. The disease Is also known as â€Å"senile dementia† or â€Å"pre-senile dementia†. Dementia refers to the lost tot mental health. The term â€Å"senile† meaner old. Pre-Senile† refers to those patients less than 65 years of Lesions on brain cells that take the form of senile plaques and neurotically age. Tangles cause Alchemist's Disease. Healthy brain tissue is normally arranged in an organized pattern These knots and tangles throw the brain into mass confusion taking over and destroying healthy brain tissue. This causes the brain cells to stop functioning. Recently a protein Taut NAS been discovered in these tangles and knots This protein is found in healthy brain cells, but is found in much larger quantities surrounding areas affected by this disease.Other ailments have been linked to the onset of the disease. These include head trauma, problems with the immune system, blood cancer, thyroid problems and Downs Syndrome. Stages of Alchemist's Disease There are four distinct stages of progression. The progression of Alchemist's can take from three to fourteen years. This time span is based on the time from diagnosis to death. All patients go through these stages Just at different rates. The first stage of Alchemist's the patient experiences a slowing down of many factors of behavior. They have less energy, slow to learn new things, and their reaction time decreases.Patients experience only mild forgetfulness of recent events, familiar people and places. They have a decrease in Judgment, and trust. Also, they become increasingly stubborn and restless. Many people are unaware of the presence of a disease because frequently memory loss is common in the elderly due to fatigue or a period of sickness. (Gel, 2006, Pl 393-1400) In the second stage the patient becomes increasingly forgetful and has more trouble recalling recent occurrences. They have difficulty in skills such as decision making, planning and Judgment.The patient's speech and comprehension become much slower and often loose their train of thought often. They are usually able to complete common tasks but need assistance with more complicated ones. They must be given clear and repeated instructions by caregivers. Victims start to become aware of illness and become depressed, irritable, restless, and socially withdrawn. In the third stage Alchemies patients loose all ability to recognize familiar people and places. They have trouble completing simple everyday tasks like eating, bathing, getting dressed and using the toilet.They lack interest in personal hygiene and loose all sexual instincts. They have difficulty communicating verbally. Patients are easily agitated and deny they are ill. The fourth stage of Alchemist's Disease is the stage that ultimately leads to death. Patients are unable to recognize themselves and close family members. They become bedridden; and only slight useless movements are made. The only way of communication they use is screaming out. Diagnosis of Alchemist's Disease Diagnosis of this disease is very difficult. Doctors are only 100% certain of the presence of the disease from autopsies after death.Diagnosis is based on the lodgment of physicians and their experience with Alchemist's Disease. Current accuracy of correct diagnosis is 90%. Recently they have discovered a way to test the level of Taut protein; this has helped with correct diagnosis. Sometimes mental tests are run to test the memory, learning skills, language skills, and the ability to follow instructions. (Harmon, 2005, Pl 55-187) Many people also question the heredity of the disease. It has been found that some forms of the disease are hereditary. The â€Å"Pre-Seni le† Alchemist's which usually sets on in a person around 40, 50 years of age is found to be hereditary.There are three types of genetic proteins that have been inked to Alchemies patient's pollinate E, E, and E. Those who inherit E have a higher chance of developing the disease. One scientist, Barbara Talon, has discovered the tissue found in the upper nose goes through the same changes that the cerebral cortex tissue goes through. She plans on tinning oh it t t his tissue taunt in the nose deteriorates at the same rate of that found in Alchemies patients. If so this could lead to the early diagnosis of Alchemist's. Treatment of Alchemist's Disease Currently treatment is focusing on slowing progressions and coping with symptoms.One drug, THAT, is a drug that helps to boost levels of acetylene's, a chemical that is involved in memory. Two FDA approved drugs being tested are Tactile and O'Donnell these drugs are also to help memory. Although, these drugs cause side affects, O'Do nnell is found to cause nausea, cramps and lose of appetite. Estrogen for women has been found to have a positive affect on Alchemies patients mental decline. It helps memory, language skills, and the ability to concentrate. Nicotine has also been found to slow the formation of senile plaque, improve memory, learning and concentration.Doctors do not suggest this use of treatment at all; nicotine causes lung cancer, emphysema, high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Currently 4 million people in America have been diagnosed with Alchemist's Disease. It is projected with the aging â€Å"Baby Boomers† that 14 million people will be diagnosed in the upcoming years. (Sails, 2008, app-43) Drugs to Aid in the Treatment There are currently two drugs to aid in the treatment of Alchemist's disease. These drugs are only effective during the first couple years of the disease. The drugs are called Cogent and Airiest.Both of these drugs work by increasing a chemical in he brain that works with memory. They do not cure the disease, but they do produce some improvement in patients. This disease is obviously a horrible one. It can rip a family apart, and there is nothing that can be done about it. Hopefully, one day a cure will be found, but in the mean time, Alchemies ¤? ¬was disease has total control over a person who is afflicted with it. It also has control over the family of the person afflicted with it. Almost everyone in this country has some sort of tie to this disease, and this is why more research should be done in hopes of finding a cure.This asses affects 10% of those over 65 years old and 50% of those over the age of 85. One-Half of those living in nursing homes are living with Alchemist's. Seven out of 10 patients live at home; family members care for 75% of them; the other 25% of them are cared for by hired caregivers. It has also been found that 55% of caregivers show some signs of depression. Alchemist's occurs more often in women and in Afri can Americans or Hispanics. (Sloane, 2007, app-132) Alchemist's Disease – A Costly Disease Alchemist's Disease is a very costly disease; it is the third most costly disease after heart conditions and cancer.In 1998 the U. S. Government spent approximately $90 billion on medical care and $400 billion to research. This disease costs a family $174,000 a year on care giving and another $42,000 a year on nursing homes. Medicare is a retirement benefit to those over 65 years old. Medicare does cover some the costs to provide help to the patient such as nursing homes. The extent of help varies by state. When seeking help people find themselves asking, â€Å"Where should I go? † â€Å"When should I go? † When you tell that a Tamil member may nave the disease or in need of mental attention you should first see you family physician.The physician will determine if they believe the problem to be Alchemist's. You should also bring medical records and a list of all medication the patient is on because certain medications or the combinations of medications may resemble Alchemist's. In every community there are services offered to assist those people affected by Alchemist's, for patients, family and caregivers. The Illness And The Caregivers Alchemist's disease affects the person with the illness and the caregivers. It is estimated that 1-4 people are caregivers. The disease has a long duration which impacts more on the caregivers.It can cause a great deal of emotional stress to caregivers. It also has a financial impact on those who provide care for patients suffering from Alchemist's disease. It is estimated that the national costs of caring for patients with Alchemist's disease is $100 billion. It can also indirectly cause loss productivity, absenteeism and worker replacement. (Edwardian, 2007, IPPP-362) Many people with Alchemist's disease do well at home during the initial stages. However eventually there is the need for long term care facilities. Lo ng term care is defined as help from family and friends.It can also mean regular visits by home health aides. It might also mean moving the patient to an assisted or nursing home that can provide twenty four medical attentions. There are two major types of long term facilities for Alchemies disease patients. One of them is Nursing home which provides room and board with twenty four hour skilled care. A licensed nurse provides this type of care. There are special units for people with Alchemist's disease. The environments, activities, philosophy of care and staff training are based upon the needs of Alchemist's disease patients.Nursing homes usually have rained and supportive staff who have knowledge about how to adjust to the patient. They have information about each patient to individualize care and to eliminate behavioral symptoms. There are special activities which reduce anxiety and agitation. A nursing home has pleasing sights, sounds and smells. They also have a low noise leve l and non glare lighting. Some facilities also have security measures to prevent wandering. Another type of long term facility is assisted living. This type of facility is suitable for people who require personal care and general guidance but do not require any specialized medical care.They are good for people with moderate functional impairment. This type of long term care promotes self direction and participation in decisions. It also focuses on independence, privacy and dignity. It attempts to create a home based environment. It is an attractive option for patients who seek assistance and independence at the same time. (First, 2008, app-88) Conclusion In conclusion Alchemist's disease is a very serious condition that affects many people. They do not know what causes this disease or why people get it, due to the fact that there is a chance for anyone to get this disease.People must take recreation and seek the advice of healthcare professionals to be tested for this disease. This way they have a chance to go on living there lives for as long as possible. If they do not seek care then they have a lesser chance of living a longer life. Obviously, knowledge regarding Alchemist's disease has progressed far from thinking that it is Just a loss tot memory. Choosing the best type tot long term care can be difficult for caregivers. Assisted living facilities are the best option for people with early stages of the disease. Nursing home facilities are best for patients who suffer from advanced stages of the disease.This disease produces a full-blown dementia in its patients and affects millions of people and their families. These people and their families have special needs. Consequently, programs, environments, and care approaches must reflect this uniqueness. Developing an effective care/service plan for a person with dementia requires careful assessment of that person, a detailed plan, and attention to the individualized needs of persons with dementia. Alchemist's disease can cause emotional and financial stress to the patient and the caregivers. However there are many choices available which can improve the quality of life.

Re-Election Rates for Members of Congress

Re-Election Rates for Members of Congress The re-election rate for members of Congress is exceptionally high considering how unpopular the institution is in the eyes of the public. If youre looking for steady work, you might consider running for office yourself; job security is especially strong for members of the House of Representatives even though a significant portion of the electorate supports terms limits.   How often do members of Congress actually lose an election? Not very. Almost Certain to Keep Their Jobs Incumbent members of the House seeking re-election are all but assured re-election. The re-election rate among all 435 members of the House has been as high as 98 percent in modern history, and its rarely dipped below  90 percent.   The late Washington Post political columnist David Broder referred to this phenomenon as incumbent lock and blamed gerrymandered congressional districts for eliminating any notion of competition in general elections.   But there are other reasons the re-election rate for members of Congress is so high. With wide name recognition, and usually an insurmountable advantage in campaign cash, House incumbents typically have little trouble holding onto their seats, explains the Center for Responsive Politics, a nonpartisan watchdog group in Washington. In addition, there are other built-in protections for congressional incumbents: the ability to regularly mail flattering newsletters to constituents at taxpayer expense under the guise of constituent outreach and to earmark money for pet projects in their districts. Members of Congress who raise money for their colleagues are also rewarded with large amounts of campaign money for their own campaigns, making even more difficult to unseat incumbents. So how difficult is it?  Ã‚   List of Re-Election Rates For House Members By Year Heres a look at the re-election rates for members of the House of Representatives going back to the 1900 congressional election. On only four occasions did more than 20 percent of incumbents seeking re-election actually lose their races. The most recent such election was in 1948, when Democratic presidential nominee Harry S. Truman campaigned against a do-nothing Congress. The wave election resulted in a massive turnover in Congress, one that rewarded Democrats with 75 more seats in the House. Prior to that, the only  election that resulted in a substantial ouster of incumbents was in 1938, amid a recession and soaring unemployment. Republicans picked up 81 seats in Democratic President Franklin Roosevelts  midterm election. Take note that some of the lowest re-election rates occur in the midterm elections. The political party whose president occupies the White House often sustains large losses in the House. In 2010, for example, the re-election rate for members of the House dipped to 85 percent; it was two years after Democrat Barack Obama was elected president. His party lost a whopping 52 seats in the House in 2010.   Re-election Rates for House Members Election Year Percentage of Incumbents Re-elected 2018 91% 2016 97% 2014 95% 2012 90% 2010 85% 2008 94% 2006 94% 2004 98% 2002 96% 2000 98% 1998 98% 1996 94% 1994 90% 1992 88% 1990 96% 1988 98% 1986 98% 1984 95% 1982 91% 1980 91% 1978 94% 1976 96% 1974 88% 1972 94% 1970 95% 1968 97% 1966 88% 1964 87% 1962 92% 1960 93% 1958 90% 1956 95% 1954 93% 1952 91% 1950 91% 1948 79% 1946 82% 1944 88% 1942 83% 1940 89% 1938 79% 1936 88% 1934 84% 1932 69% 1930 86% 1928 90% 1926 93% 1924 89% 1922 79% 1920 82% 1918 85% 1916 88% 1914 80% 1912 82% 1910 79% 1908 88% 1906 87% 1904 87% 1902 87% 1900 88% Resources and Further Reading â€Å"Reelection Rates Over the Years.† OpenSecrets.org, The Center for Responsive Politics. Huckabee, David C. â€Å"Reelection Rates of House Incumbents: 1790-1994.† Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress, 1995.

Financial Outcomes Paper Essays - IOS, ITunes, Videotelephony

Financial Outcomes Paper Essays - IOS, ITunes, Videotelephony Financial Outcomes Paper Financial Outcomes Paper FIN/419 May 11, 2015 Maria Johnson Financial Outcomes Paper Apple Inc. is one of the most well-known and popular Fortune 500 companies in the world. Through their constant innovation One of Apples current financial initiatives revolves around sales. In order to continually fuel company growth, Apples CEO Tim Cook has developed an initiative to release new products and services into the market place in 2015. According to "Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results" (2014), With the amazing innovations in our new iPhones, iPads and Macs, as well as iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite, we are heading into the holidays with Apples strongest product lineup ever. We are also incredibly excited about Apple Watch and other great products and services in the pipeline for 2015 (para. 3). Learning Team C will compare and contrast the three potential financial outcomes of this new initiative. Our team will determine the most likely outcome and discuss the possible positive and negative effects on Apples organization. Financial Outcome 1: Effects of Increase in Sales An increase in sales is obviously the ideal situation for Apple to be in. Sales going up means the company is doing what it should be doing in terms of making money. This positive outcome is not without its drawbacks, however. Making more money only means that more product is being consumed by the consumer, which in turn means that more product must be produced to meet demand. This situation is something that Apple is very well prepared for. Being a large Fortune 500 corporation such as Apple means that money is no object when it comes to making more money. A corporation that will not spend money to make money is one that is limiting its growth and shortening its horizons. Luckily for Apple and its stockholders, such is not the case for them. The business has shown a willingness time and time again to be a daring, innovative and exploratory leader in the world of technology and electronics. These devices are excellent for making money in both the personal use world as well as busines s use. According to Wakabayashi (2014) The popularity of the iPhone and iPad among employees is promoting corporate tech managers to rewrite policies and change traditional buying patterns. The iPhone has replaced the BlackBerry as the mobile phone of choice, as the iPad assumes tasks once reserved for PCs (p. 1). Since the third quarter of 2013, the financial reports show the per share price to be consistently on the rise after being retroactively adjusted to reflect the stock split. Prices have increased from $55.01 $66.54 in the 2013 third quarter to $92.09 - $103.74 in the fourth quarter of 2014. With increases like this it stands to reason that the iPods, iPads and iPhones produced by Apple are only gaining momentum in terms of popularity and profitability. The Apple Watch will likely become the next big product that Apple makes a substantial profit from, adding to the docket another big money maker to sweeten the pot for the corporation. Apple also makes a considerable amount of its gains in the service industry, through programs like iTunes that pair with their devices ingeniously to help the company become even more profitable. With Apple's track record and patterns of success, there is no reason to believe that they will not continue to add other successful products and services to th eir available arsenal and further dominate the technological industry. Financial Outcome 2: Decrease in Sales of Apple Products A decrease in sales would raise some red flags within the Apple organization. A decrease in sales could mean a couple of different things. It could mean a product is not reaching its targeting audience, or it could mean that the features of the technology is replaced by a newer, faster software. Either way a decrease in sales should force the company to look within to try to pinpoint the product or service that is not performing to par. Once identified, a quick resolution can be implemented to recover sales. There can be many factors