Misconceptions between Samurai’s of Japan and the...

Two noticeable classes of warriors appeared during the time of feudalism in Europe and in Japan. These were classified as the Samurais of Japan and the Knights of Medieval Europe. Both were great warriors known for their courage and sacrificed themselves for the protection of their lords. Both were affected by the growth in technology which ultimately guided to their demise. Although the historical documents depict Japanese samurai and medieval knights had the same concept of spending their entire lives preparing for war at a young age, in reality both differed in many ways. Due to the fact that they are in different places in the world they were traditionally and culturally different. The knights and samurai’s followed different religion†¦show more content†¦The lightweight armor allowed for greater freedom of movement on the ground and also helped for more flexibility on the horse. The Samurai became expert in fighting on the ground. They practiced art of war at a y oung age and became masters in what they did. During peaceful times Samurai focused more on fighting with the bow and arrow. They were more efficient in using swords for hand to hand fighting and beheading their enemies. Their Armor included a metal helmet usually decorated that protected both head and neck, a plate made of leather and metal protected the chest. Thin leather or bamboo plates protected their arms and legs also. The knight’s on the other hand were heavily armored and their best weapon was their armored horse; which was used for charging the enemy. They revolutionized warfare and became the foundation of the new warfare structure in Europe during middle ages. Knight’s armor ranged from heavy chain mail, layers of a metal mesh, iron metal plates so heavy that hindered easy movement. Knights had metal armour covering every inch of their body. However the knight and the samurai became less effective as long range weapons became popular and was useful for kil ling the targets over great distances. The usage and introduction of gunpowder also led to the decline of two warriors. The Japanese Samurai lived by the bushido known as code of honor. Their code was about following any order given by their lord immediately without any

Essay The Energy Transformation in an Incandescent Globe

With the ever-growing need for more efficient energy means, the time has come to act upon our sustainability ideals. In today’s society, it is almost impossible to by the old incandescent bulbs, however, there are other energy saving types that need comparison as well- and the incandescent still need to be considered. In this report, with the aid of diagrams and visual aids- the three main types of lighting will be compared and explained. This first diagram is an incandescent globe. It comes in sizes of 40, 60, 100 and 150 Watts. However, even though there is a larger energy input there is a rather small energy output in the form of light. Most of it is converted into heat. Thus, this form of light is inefficient and impacts the usage†¦show more content†¦However, although they are considered energy efficient- an LED light is more. It uses less energy- but at an expense. Compared to the LED, the fluorescent may be less energy efficient but more value. For a little more energy, you get a lot lighter room and when calculated accurately it states that a fluorescent light is the best choice. How the compact fluorescent works is not a mystery, but is hard for one to word. The energy is transferred along copper wires, which do not produce much heat. This is a form of kinetic energy. As the electrons move along the circuit, they move along the mercury- which is why the fluorescent takes so long to start up. This is the dividing factor between CFLs and other major categories of globes. The mercury is hazardous- but in a bulb twice as efficient, what does it matter? The advantages of this type of lighting are by far the fact that it emits a large amount of lumens for a small amount of energy and the fact that a lot of the output is light instead of heat. The disadvantages are that this bulb uses more energy than that of the LED and thereby costs more to run and the bill is likely to rise. On the left is an LED bulb. As aforementioned, it uses the least watts per hour. The most efficient in wattage and the least efficient in terms of lumens, the LED light is not a bad choice. Although the light output is minimal- the heat output isShow MoreRelatedCase Study for Management Accounting36918 Words   |  148 Pagesspending much of your creative energy trying to manage these inefficient systems? The answer is clearly â€Å"NO.† Join our network and get all these services seamlessly provided with state-of-the-art applications run by highly trained IT professionals (see Exhibit 2). We will convert a difficult-to-manage fixed infrastructure cost into a totally scaleable variable one since you pay only on a pertransaction basis. With us as your partner, you can spend your creative energies where your investors expect.Read MoreCase Study for Management Accounting36912 Words   |  148 Pagesspending much of your creative energy trying to manage these inefficient systems ? The answer is clearly â€Å"NO.† Join our network and get all these services seamlessly provided with state-of-the-art applications run by highly trained IT professionals (see Exhibit 2). We will convert a difficult-to-manage fixed infrastructure cost into a totally scaleable variable one since you pay only on a pertransaction basis. With us as your partner, you can spend your creative energies where your investors expect.Read MoreDieting Makes People Fat Essay19490 Words   |  78 Pagesthe voltage requirement in your travel country. Many use 220 instead of 110. Make sure your electric hairdryer wont blow a circuit at the hotel. Most PC notebooks can switch between the two, so you can plug in your computer almost anywhere on the globe. However, nothing else will switch for you. Youll need special adapters. 7 Look up Visa information. See if your destination country needs you to get a visa, or if you get a visa on arrival stamp when you land. How many days will this get youRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages2005 The Evolution of Management Thought 55 Fayol believed that the ability to strike this balance was a key indicator of a superior manager. discipline Obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior’s authority. DISCIPLINE In focusing on the importance of discipline—obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior’s authority—Fayol was addressing the concern of many early managers: How to create a workforce that was reliableRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesE*TRADE, and dozens of others, established manufacturers and retailers became brick-and-click oriented by adding online services to their existing offerings. This process is known as ________. A) reintermediation B) disintermediation C) retail transformation D) e-collaboration E) new-market synchronization Answer: A Page Ref: 13 Objective: 4 Difficulty: Moderate 43) When eBay and Amazon.com cut out the majority of middlemen that normally would participate in the exchange process, it is

British IRA Interrogation Free Essays

The increase of success of the west cork Brigade, part of the Irish republican Army was the leading factor to a spate of arresting and interrogating the suspects if the IRA volunteers in an effort to identify and ascertain the headquarters of those who were engaging in the guerilla war against the forces of the British. Through interrogation the British managed to break the IRA volunteers through torturing and this lead to discovering that the forces headquarters was in Ballymurphy. After discovering this, British army planned for an operation aimed at capturing the IRA column. We will write a custom essay sample on British IRA Interrogation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This lead to mobilizing of more than 1200 British troops to attack the area from different directions. The operation was done early in the morning to attack the IRA unaware; this was thought to lead British to victory for there were about ten British commanders for one IRA member. As the British tried to encircle the IRA, they were caught by surprise as the IRA was aware of the British plans and they attacked at the crossbarry roads which lead to having many British casualties. The IRA took British arms and set their vehicles on fire before they were attacked by other British troops but did not succeed even after stiff fire fight and they all retired. Impact of British actions to IRA in bringing peace to Northern Ireland The IRA had structural plans that were governing them through their endeavors. It was evident that the republican were to remain anonymous to every one except the members. No one could talk about the army and this made it hard to uncover the whole truth about the army’s missions and their plans. As their rules had restricted them not to talk about the army in public, not discuss anything concerning the army with anyone, not to go in a company of a known member and not to frequent to the houses of a known member, and the top most issue was not to drink alcohol excessively as this would lead to loose mouth and would reveal the republicans secrets. The army volunteers were made to believe that the army was legal and justified. They were taught that that was the only way to proclaim democracy in the whole Ireland. Commitment to the movement was legal and was the only way out to struggle for political justification and is a direct representative of the Dail Eirean parliament and by that was a legal and lawful government of the Irish republic and has right to pass law and to claim jurisdiction over the land, airspace, means of production all its people regardless of creed or loyalty. (Coogan, 1997) This impacted a negative attitude to the IRA members and the people of Ireland in an effort to bring peace. These beliefs made the British have difficulties in trying to restore peace in the country as they were regarded as intruders and were there for their own benefit. This is because the army had claimed to the sovereign government of Ireland and had all the rights to act in any capacity as a government. As the recruits were taught that British army, RUC, UDR and Gardai are occupying forces, were illegal and were completely unacceptable for that was morally wrong, ethnically inexcusable and politically unacceptable. Through the strengthening of these believes, the IRA members were completely resistance to the British armies in their efforts of any form in Ireland. (Hopkinson, 2003) IRA PREPARATION OF RECRUITS The IRA prepares their recruits in a distinctive manner. The recruits are taught on their importance to one another. This helps bonding together the recruits from different back grounds to strengthen the movement bond. As they are recruited they are motivated even they face harsh conditions should persevere for the sake of their nation. The IRA is form of ethnic terrorist seeking to influence the Irish people to reject the British governance. As usual to the ethnic terrorist, according to Byman (1997) they seek to create fear among the rival groups or armies by performing terrorist attacks and moderate movements. The recruitment of the army means entering in your total allegiance in life. This helps the movement to retain the recruited volunteers for they have to obey the commands and the rules set forth for the organization. The IRA recruits are forced to believe whatever allegation is put forward for them and strictly follow the rules. The recruits are trained to persevere any form of hardship they face during their work as armies until they combat the target group. Nationalism is another force that was driving the recruits. They were from all corners of the country and were much concerned over fighting for their nation. This aspect had more power as far as recruits were concerned over the belief system. On the other hand, nationalism can also display the general characteristic of a belief system by providing the recruits with adequate information and equipping their mind with an issue that they are to fight for their nation. (Hopkinson, 2003) Conclusion IRA movement was determined in salvaging the Ireland from the hands of British rule. The British solders effort to combat the IRA guerilla were rendered fruitless for the IRA was always ready for the attack even though they were less in number compared to British solders. The IRA recruits were equipped in their minds that the movement was legal and morally right to fight the intruders whore were settled in the country for their own good. The IRA movement sought to influence to moderators and other ethnic groups to reject the British governance. They were to follow strict rules to ensure the safety and welfare of the movements. Reference: Byman, D. (1997) The logic of Ethnic Terrorism, Washington DC, Rand Coogan, T. (1997) The IRA, New York, Palgrave Macmillan Hopkinson, M. (2003) Irish War of Independence, Journal, Vol How to cite British IRA Interrogation, Papers

Auditing and Assurance Wesfarmers

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance for Wesfarmers. Answer: Introduction: Wesfarmers Group is engaged in several business operations like liquor, supermarkets, convenience and hotel stores, office supplies, home improvement services, and an industrial division with operations in energy and fertilizers, chemicals, coal, distribution and processing of gas, and safety and industrial products. The company segments comprise of Coles, Home Improvement and office supplies (Bunnings), Departmental stores (merchandise) that includes Target and Kmart, Office works, Insurance, Industrials that includes WesCEF, WIS, and Resources. Initially it started as a farmers cooperative in Western Australia but today it is considered as one of the largest and diverse retailer company of the country (Wesfarmers Limited, 2016). Five laws or regulations that affect the operations of Wesfarmers The five laws or regulations that affect the operations of Wesfarmers comprise of the following. Firstly, the competition policy that ensures continued development of competition and not safeguarding of businesses from competition. Such competition laws are vital to avoid anti-competitive practices like collusion, cartels, and misuse of market power debarring entry of competitors in the markets or significantly decreasing competition. Secondly, Wesfarmers is highly committed to standards of ethical behavior and conduct in each of its business activities, and promotes and assists a culture of ethical and honest behavior, effective corporate governance, and corporate compliance (Wesfarmers Limited, 2016). In this regulation, Wesfarmers motivates reporting of any type of suspected illegal, immoral, and fraudulent conduct involving its own businesses, and ensures that these people can make a report without fear of reprisal, disadvantage, and intimidation. Thirdly, the regulation of inves tor engagement bounds the company to identify relevance of providing its shareholders an access to complete details and capability to take part in the company decisions. Fourthly, the conflicts of interest policy that sets out every disclosure obligations of the directors in relation to the conflicts of interest, and methods to be followed when such conflicts of interest arise (Cappelleto, 2010). Hence, directors must not place themselves in such a place where they possess a material interest that can give rise to conflicts of interest. Lastly, the anti-bribery policy defines the roles and duties of the Group in observing the prohibition of bribery. Primary Competitors The fact that Wesfarmers engages in several kinds of activities makes it susceptible to high competition in the market. Its major competitors in the retail sector include Woolworths Ltd and BHP Billiton Ltd. Woolworths Ltd is known as the best food retailers of Australia ahead of Coles. It operates over 3200 stores in New Zealand and Australia, including more than thousand supermarkets under it. It engages in gasoline, electronic services, hotel services, merchandise, etc. BHP Billiton Ltd is regarded as one of the largest resource and mining companies of the world that employs more than 100,000 employees in over 25 countries. It also operates in production of coal, copper, and iron ore. The minor competitors comprise of Myer Ltd and David Jones. Myer is mainly engaged in merchandise services throughout Australia and only has 66 retail stores that fail to compete strongly with Wesfarmers. Even David Jones Ltd is a departmental store of Australia, owned by Woolworths ltd and gives str ong competition to Myer itself with 39 stores in Australian territories. SWOT Analysis of Wesfarmers Wesfarmers is a company which is dealing in retail as well as retail business. It has expanded its business all over the Australia. This company has its name in almost all the household as well all the business office in Australia. However with the name growing big comes along with huge amount of strength as well as threats. Here is an overview on the SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats) analysis of Westfarmers. Strength: Presence over indigenous market: The Company is widely spread all over Australia. It has its registered office in Australia itself. Being a company originated and grown in the home country gives a confidence to the customers and being a company for over 100 years helps in creating a brand in it. The company was manufactured in the year 1914 (Wesfarmers Limited, 2016). E-commerce: The company has very well understood the need of the customers of todays world and has entered into e- commerce wherein the customers can choose items online without even going to the stores and that too at a price at which the customer demand as it has products in all range starting from a low range to a standard range. Weakness: Multinational growth: One of the major weakness of the companys is its non- presence in the global market. In todays fast changing world, presence in the global market is a must to grow its brand value. The brand value needs to be enhanced as the competitors are framing different mechanism to get a strong boost. Strong Competition: As the company mainly deals in the domestic market, it has to face strong competition against the products by the multinational companies as they offer the products at lower cost due to their global presence. It is the cut throat competition that dents the profit and sales. Hence, strong competition turns out to be a weak point. Opportunities: Global Market: Since the company deals in household items, office furnitures as well as natural resources, it has a big opportunity of entering the global market. It has a diversified strategy that can play a vital role in balancing the business. With its wide employee base and experienced board of directors, the company can easily enter the multinational market which will also help it in creating its name worldwide. As it deals in natural resources and depletion of natural resources is a growing concern nowadays, it can gain huge amount of profits by selling it overseas. Takeovers: The Company is well efficient with the trend of past takeovers. It has quite well managed the entities which it has taken over in the past. The biggest one was the takeover of Coles through which it emerged as the leader of Australian retailers (Wesfarmers Limited, 2016). The company can still keep an eye on the emerging markets and can expand to any new division with the takeover schemes. New division will provide further chances of elaboration and play an important role in cementing the position of the business. Moreover, this will provide more advantage in terms of skills and goodwill. Threats: Local Production: As the company is not entering in the global market, it depends on the local labours. The labour cost in Australia is quite high. This results in higher costs of the products being offered to the customers. If the company will not shift its production to low- cost regions of the world, it would become difficult to maintain cost- effective products for its customers (Boyd, 2016). Specialized Products: The Company is not being able to offer specialised products at a price at which the competitors are being able to offer the same. As a result of which the demand of its products are falling constantly. Its non- global presence is a big threat (Kruger, 2015). Five accounts susceptible to misappropriation or fraudulent financial reporting The five accounts that are susceptible to fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation within the financial statements of Wesfarmers Group are as follows: Inventory- Throughout Wesfarmers group, there are huge amounts of inventories. These inventories are at risk of being damaged, stolen, or becoming obsolete that is especially true for items like clothing and food. As per the annual report of 2015, the total expenses on inventory for the entire Wesfarmers Group were $43,045 million. Besides, being a business with large retailing operations, it has a substantial amount of physical inventories in various locations. Hence, there is also a risk of inventories being incorrectly recorded and misplaced. Even keeping a track of these inventories is an extremely problematic and complicated task due to Wesfarmers sheer size. Sales- With a massive number of occurrence customers moving towards internet shopping, there still exists a huge chance that fictitious sales may arise because internet data is highly subjective to hackings and manipulation both externally and internally (Lapsley, 2012). As a result, such sales can be overstated by the Group to depict more effective and advantageous results to the stakeholders. This is evident from the fact that online sales within Wesfarmers Group enhanced by 51% in the year 2015, thereby paving ways for misappropriation and fraudulent activities. Account receivables- The valuation of Wesfarmers Group encounters with a high and extreme volume of sales allocation transactions offered on credit. Hence, ageing accounts become susceptible to misappropriation or fraudulent reporting because it can be difficult to track who has or has not paid back their credit. This can further result into incorrect valuation of trade and other accounts receivable in the financial statements of the Group (Livne, 2015). The credit terms provided by the Group extend up to thirty days on trade receivables. Cash- Wesfarmers Group employs thousands of employees in its business that aims to cater millions of customers across the globe. Therefore, it is more likely that there are huge cash receipts from the customers. These further results into creation of risks in the balance sheet account because of huge cash balances (Livne, 2015). Besides, the major reason why cash is susceptible to misappropriation of fraudulent activities is that it can more easily be diverted than credit card payments or customer checks. Wesfarmers have obtained $67484 million cash receipts from its customers and this proves the fact. Expenses- Wesfarmers Group pays over $59,100 million expenses as per its annual report of the year 2015. These comprise of expenses related to freight, occupancy, amortization and depreciation, impairment, employee benefits, and raw materials. Some of these expenses are easily susceptible to misappropriation or fraudulent activities in the financial statements of the company. The fraudster can easily be able to establish false vouchers or documents in support of the enhancement in expenses, thereby gaining a position to minimize its tax liability. However, generally, companies do not tend to enhance their expenses; instead, they understate it to make revenues attractive in the eyes of investors (Roach, 2010). Wesfarmerss corporate governance arrangements The Board of Directors at Westfarmers Limited is a good example of strong corporate governance set up. It aims at meeting all the corporate governance obligations thereby serving in the best interests of shareholders and providing satisfactory returns. The management designs the internal controls that are monitored by the audit and risk committee on a timely basis to ensure that the integrity in financial reporting is maintained (Wesfarmers Limited, 2016). It is also the duty of the directors to ensure that such internal controls are in place to ensure that there is compliance with the legal and regulatory requirements and enable preparation of financial statements that is free from material misstatements or errors or frauds (Manoharan, 2011). The reasons for placing reliance on the control environment at Westfarmers are as under: The Board comprises of a majority of independent directors which ensures that the director is free from any business or such other relationships that could have the impact of materially influencing the business decisions and the independence is also assessed on a regular basis to ensure unbiased decisions (Wesfarmers Limited CG, 2016). A Nomination Committee chaired under an independent director performs reviews of each non-executive director and makes recommendations to the Board with reference to the same. Thus with the key focus on scheduling individual performance reviews of the Board and consideration of feedback from major shareholders, the nomination committee ensures that the decisions of the company are taken in the best interests of the stakeholders (Hoffelder, 2012). The Board Charter also sets out the various principles of ASX that are compiled by Westfarmers and is set out with the aim to ensure honest and ethical behavior and suspend illegal and undesirable conduct (Wesfarmers Limited CG, 2016). Thus there is certainty about the quality of business being conducted by Westfarmers and the ASX principles compliance reaffirms the same. The Securities Trading Policy and Market Disclosure Policy are designed to ensure compliance with insider trading laws and checks on the list of prohibited transactions under the Corporations Act (Manoharan, 2011). Thus share transactions by Directors are subject to this scrutiny on a regular basis. The Market Disclosure Policy also ensures that the company complies with the regular disclosure obligations with reference to the market sensitive information to ensure that the confidentiality of the shareholders is retained (Wesfarmers Limited CG, 2016). The Audit and Risk Committee has direct access and communication with the companys external auditors, Group Assurance and Internal Audit management committees. This facilitates the monitoring of adequacy of controls and making alterations from time to time as per the requirements (Gay Simnet, 2015). The Risk Management Framework at Westfarmers is reviewed on an annual basis to facilitate the establishment of controls that are essential for the risk exposure and crisis management of the company (Wesfarmers Limited, 2016). Thus the above factors combined with the Code of Conduct at Westfarmers make it a reliable company as the overall controls environment is governed by various committees set up for different purposes. These guiding set of principles and reporting framework at various levels is tested and approved by the external auditors which make reliance more acceptable. Audit Plan affected by the scandal Upon analysis, it can be noticed that Target had displayed bad performance during the last year due to the market competition and such pressures. To compromise this situation, Target asked its suppliers to pay 25% rebate on the stocks that were already marked down and promised to make up for the same during the second half of the year (Wesfarmers Limited, 2016). The fact that almost ten of the staff members were involved required a closer supervision of the sales returns; write down of obsolete stocks and rebates. It would be surprising to note that due to the modern systems, it is possible to obtain information about the sales and margins on an hourly basis and so the excuse of not being aware about the performance cannot be believed to be practical (Parker, 2016). Hence the audit plan should incorporate the requirements to track these abnormal fluctuations in the rebates and make a detailed analysis and discussion with the management about the same (Wesfarmers Limited CG, 2016). The audit plan can also incorporate checks at various managerial levels to ensure that items like rebates and discounts are verified by the team. As systems are in place, information is readily available but the integrity of the people cannot be verified by systems for which the audit plan has to include certifications from the management (Christensen, 2011). A few noteworthy points are listed below: Audit plans should focus on the accuracy and periodicity of the payments and whether it is in line with the provisions of the contract. A complete audit trail should cover the complexities of the contract and the wide spectrum of earning rebates. There is a difference in rebate earned in comparison to rebate collected and this gap needs to be analyzed. There should be various checks performed like claim counts versus utilization and whether the rebate payment formula gives the same results as calculated by the systems. Analysis and comparison of rebates quarter wise. Test verification of the rebate claims that are denied, paid or on COB, etc. Setting up of automatic filters for non-rebatable claims. Verification of the rebate files submitted to the top management in the company and the documents submitted to the auditor for verification. Obtaining external confirmations on a random basis from various parties. Confirmation ensures that the payment is made and therefore, a strong assessment can be done. Review the master set up for rebates processing, logics applied, accruals and calculations on monthly basis and review of the reconciliations between the estimated rebates and actual rebates received (Baldwin, 2010). Review total rebates received and total rebates paid and the report for unpaid rebates. Review the series of payments received from the same party and the settlement payments done where the percentage is under doubt (Parker, 2016). This will help to keep the fund under evaluation and ensure a smooth functioning. Cash flow problems related to the rebates can be analyzed by the management and submitted to the auditors (Baldwin, 2010). Thus these are the few points that can be added to the audit plan and make the audit more effective in dealing with the eye wash happening in the rebates section. This will help in the audit plan of 2017 and will ensure that that the activities of Wesfarmers are under control. Conclusion From the above it can be ensured that the audit plan and policies play a pivotal role in shaping the destiny of the organization. Wesfarmers has operated in a strong fashion however, it is subjected to challenges. The challenges pour from competitor and various other circumstances. The frauds and scandals have highlighted the flaws in the auditing process. Therefore, the management and the audit department should stress on a proper planning so that any future issues are neutralized. Moreover, the report signifies that the company has strong fundamentals and to have a better position it must increase its brand value. Bibliography Baldwin, S 2010, Doing a content audit or inventory, Pearson Press. Boyd, T 2016, Wesfarmers-target-deserves-a-closer-look, viewed 29 September 2016, https://www.afr.com/brand/boss/profit-rigging-scandal-at-wesfarmers-target-deserves-a-closer-look-20160419-goahls# Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne Christensen, J. 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Gay, G Simnet, R 2015, Auditing and Assurance Services, McGraw Hill Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Kruger, P 2015, Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth, Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329 Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292. Livne, G 2015, Threats to Auditor Independence and Possible Remedies, viewed 29 September 2016, https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/threats-to-auditor-independence-and-possible-remedies?full. Manoharan, T.N. 2011, Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance, The George Washington University. Parker, J 2016, Target accounting scandal: Wesfarmers taking action against staff, viewed 29 September 2016, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-11/wesfarmers-taking-action-over-target-accounting-scandal/7317178 Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292. Roach, L 2010, Auditor Liability: Liability Limitation Agreements, Pearson. Wesfarmers Limited 2016, Wesfarmers Limited Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 2 July 2016, https://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/company.do#!/WEShttps://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ Wesfarmers Limited CG 2016, Wesfarmers Corporate Governance, viewed 29 September 2016, https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/who-we-are/corporate-governance

Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity

Man, in all his uniqueness, has managed to conquer the world and its inhabitants for thousands of millennia now. Animals and plants have their own unique characteristics too, at least scientifically as well as biologically.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scientists and other theorists have been working round the clock to understand the origins and nature of these unique characteristics found in both primate and non-primate organisms (Lahn Ebenstein, 2008). Below, several concepts that are thought to cause genetic diversity are critically evaluated in a bid to offer answers to the myriad of questions on the unique characteristics prevalent in organisms. Genetic diversity is a term mostly used to underscore the â€Å"variation in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or whole genomes of organisms† (Harrison et al , 2004, para. 1). In its most straightforward level, genetic diversity is characterized by variations in the nucleotides, the basic ingredients that forms the DNA contained in the cells of a living organism. The chromosomes residing within the organism’s cells play host to the DNA. Most organisms contain two sets of chromosomes, with a few exceptions that have one, three, or four pairs of chromosomes in a cell. If an organism is diploid (two sets of chromosomes), it means that it has two alleles of each gene (Harrison et al, 2004). Mutation and sexual reproduction comes in since there are the major factors that lead to variation of either one or more alleles contained in each gene (Lewontin, 1995; Harrison et al, 2004). Other biologists and anthropologists are of the opinion that geographical localities and lifestyles are also possible candidates for genetic diversity in primates. Generally, mutations are changes in the structure of the DNA which form the foundation for dissi milarities between related organisms (Lewontin, 1995; TutorVista.com, 2008). Although a single mutation can have an overbearing effect on an organism, most evolutionary variations and spontaneous mutations are as a result of accrual of many mutations in the natural setting. One of the fundamental objectives of all living creatures is to survive. It is therefore imperative for cells to continue reproducing so that the objective can be met (Knight, 2009). During sexual reproduction, an organism inherits alleles from the sperm and ova of both parents.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pairing or copying of these alleles after fertilization to form an offspring can assist to introduce genetic variation which may indeed be of great benefit in the future. This process is called sexual recombination (Harrison et al, 2004; Knight, 2009). An example of such genetic variation can be wi tnessed in the difference in looks between an offspring and its parents. Sexual reproduction introduces the issues of migration and population size. Migration is the progression or movement, in most cases within organisms (USDA, 2006). The chromosomes inherited by the offspring from the parents are bound to change more if there has been a case of migration or hybridization (Harrison et al, 2004). This is especially so if parents of the offspring happen to come from different populations, and therefore posses dissimilar gene pools. In plants, genetic diversity via migration takes place through pollen dispersal or grafting of vegetative stems. Lastly, sexual reproduction, in altering genetic diversity, allows organisms to increase their population size with the aim of maintaining a high competitive advantage over the others (Harrison et al, 2004). This is crucial for survival. Sexual reproduction has the capacity to introduce new and more advanced gene into a population. The essence o f this type of gene shuffling is yet another fundamental foundation for genetic diversity. It cannot escape mention that genetic variation also occurs when alleles of two or more sets of populations mix through migration incase of primates or via pollen and seed dispersal via non-primates (USDA, 2006). It is therefore true to say that genetic diversity is in a constant mode of change – both through time and across geographical localities. Reference List Harrison, I., Laverty, M., Sterling, E. (2004). Genetic Diversity. Retrieved from https://cnx.org/contents/b8pd-bDN@2/Genetic-Diversity Knight, J.C. (2009). Human Genetic Diversity: Functional Consequences for Health and Disease: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199227693Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lahn, B.T., Ebenstein, L. (2008). Let’s celebrat e human genetic diversity. Nature, Vol. 461, pp. 726-728 Lewontin, R. (1995). Human Diversity, 2nd Ed. W.H. Freeman Company. ISBN: 0716760134 United States Department of Agriculture. (2006). Why is Genetic Diversity always Changing? Web. This research paper on Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity was written and submitted by user Dario Harrington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Whispers in the Sand essays

Whispers in the Sand essays To escape from something is to break loose from confinement; get free and a means of obtaining temporary freedom from worry, care, or unpleasantness. In the novel, Whispers in the Sand, by Barbara Erskine it uses symbols which represent this feeling of escape. The symbols used in the novel try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion; the concept of escaping their own lives and retreating into an illusion has entered each of the character's minds. Everyone in the novel seeks haven from their lives, attempting to escape into a mythological world. In Whispers in the Sand, Erskines' use of the diary and the scent bottle portrays the high priests, Louisa and Anas need to use the escape as a literal exit from their own reality. In previous times when ancient Egypt was ruled by pharaohs there were two priests who had a struggle that abruptly ended both of their lives. This struggle was for the power and recognition of the pharaoh at the time. One priest ruled towards God and all things good, whereas the other wanted the power and for the Pharaoh to give him the recognition for finding an elixir of life so that he may live forever. Knowing that this was not an acceptable thing to do the good priest did whatever was in his power to stop the elixir from going any further or into the hands of the Pharaoh. As the priest went into stop the other from producing such a formula he says, No you mustnt, you cant. You have no idea what you are doing. You may think this is going to help all your problems but in the end you will always be here. Reality is this. Do not use a formula to make your life into some kind of illusion... (12). By his statement alone it is possible to believe that the bad priest was only doing the se acts in order to break free from his own life. That he was using the elixir which becomes the scent bottle to Ana in modern times as a way to make things ...

Happiness Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Happiness Advantage - Essay Example However, for every success, goalposts are pushed further and further, and happiness is forced to the horizon. In a recent research that has been conducted in the area of positive psychology and neuroscience, there is evidence that in circumstance that the relationship between happiness and success works backward. Through this cutting –edge- science, it is now apparent that happiness is what produces success according to Achor. Dr. Achor argues that optimism and happiness gear to achievement and performance that result in competitive edge called ‘Happiness Advantage. The authors say, waiting to be happy limits the brain’s potential to success, while by positive minds results in more motivation, resilience, creativity, productivity and efficiency increase a person’s performance. The author says that is his discovery is based on a research he carried out in 500 companies worldwide and an interview with 1600 students in Harvard School (Achor 100). There are sev en main principles from the Happiness Advantage by Shawn Achor that produce happiness. These principles include Happiness Advantage, The Tetris Effects, The Zorro Circle, Social Investment, The Fulcrum and the Lever, Falling Up, and The 20-Second Rule. The author was raised in Waco, Texas, and he never anticipated leaving the city. As he applied in Harvard, he wanted to train as a volunteer firefighter. He was unexpectedly accepted in the school, and this made him feel honored and privileged. After pursuing his studies, he becomes a proctor, hired to assist undergraduates navigate through the academic success and happiness. The author explains that his life in Harvard changed the way his brain processed his experience. Many learners in Harvard saw the school as a privilege, but others did not see this as they mainly focused on competition, workload and stress (Achor 120). The students felt inundated by every small challenge instead of being motivated by the opportunities ahead

Women Liberation Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Women Liberation Movement - Essay Example However, Women Liberation Movement not only consisted of different liberation groups but it also included various advocates and a variety of groups who aimed to represent women and their rights. In addition to this, Women Liberation Movement also appeared formally in organizations like the Women’s Action Group or Women Electoral Lobby. Women Liberation Movement is said to be the biggest landmark in the women history of UK. Throughout the years, their hard work did pay off. They succeeded in their aims in a short span of time. One cannot ignore the fact that this movement did improve the status of women in British society. Before this movement was established, women were not allowed to do outdoor jobs and it was obligatory for them to obey their husbands no matter what. Due to this low status of women in British society, Mary Wollstonecraft, first feminist, advocated that this movement purely aimed for equitable distribution of rights between male and female. Even though Women Liberation Movement achieved its goals, but along this, some problems still remained. All in all, this movement is a continuous battle which includes women struggling against the world in order to improve their life, work and sexuality1. History and Foundation As mentioned above, Women Liberation Movement

Site plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Site plan - Case Study Example Such information can be acquired by conducting a SWOT analysis of the business in attempts to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats affecting the business. This work evaluates the provided plan of a proposed cupcake shop along the beach by using the SWOT Analysis. In any business, it is vital to assess the industry in order to be fully informed of the requirements. It is essential to have credible information regarding the targeted customers and their needs. The intended business has to meet and satisfy the needs of the targeted customers. If the business achieves this objective efficiently, chances of success are high. Therefore, as far as this proposed business is concerned, SWOT analysis will provide the necessary information to make the business a success. Strengths The site location’s strength is based on the demographics of the area. The demographics, according to Russ (2009) give a person the idea of the population surrounding the area. Since th e site is supposed to host a cup cake studio, the area demographics, which includes the beach, is suited for the site location. People of different age groups love the beach, and this is an opportunity to serve these people with cupcakes. The beachgoers love to relax as they enjoy themselves with their favorite snacks and beverages. Therefore, the fact that there is a cup cake shop near the beach is an advantage to the business since it is near the targeted customers. Also, because the business is located on the first building accessible from the beach is an advantage. Had the business been located in other buildings far away from the beach, proximity could have been affected. It is imperative to have a business located in a place easily accessible to customers. Easier proximity to a business plays a significant role in the growth and development of the business. When customers can easily access the business, the business is guaranteed to succeed. Furthermore, the immediate surround ing area has numerous apartments that will provide the proposed business with the required customer base for the business to

Character Analysis: Theory Of Personality Development

Character Analysis: Theory Of Personality Development In the analysis of the star character Rachel in the 1968 movie Rachel Rachel by Paul Newman, I have used the Theory of Personality Development by Freud Sigmund (1856-1939). Sigmund developed this theory about psychoanalysis from his works on patients with mental problems several years back. In this theory, Freud Sigmund believed that allthe spheres ofsomeonespersonality were in one way or another determined by the sex of the person and aggression.Sigmund believed that other factors that shapedsomeones character also developed during this period of personality development which in totality determined the adults personality and how well they relate with the world. According to Freud Sigmund the three elements that make the personality are the Id, the ego and the superego. The ID is the part we are born with and is the part of us that wants us to be comfortable. For instance children will cry when they are hungry until they are fed in complete disregard of whether there is food or not or even whether the person attending to them is busy or not. As we have observed around us, a child will always cry until what they want is done for them or given to them. The Ego is believed to develop in children from three years of age onwards. This part enables one to realize the realities of life. At this stage of development a child can very clearly understand the consequences of their actions. For instance they can understand that some unpleasing actions can make them to be punished or rewarded. Main Body: Analysis The Superego is the part that develops by the time a child reaches five years. Once the superego develops the cycle of personal development is completed and one attains a balanced personality. The superego is also known as the conscience because it helps us distinguish between wrong and right actions and it also defines for us the ethics and morals by which we live. The movie Rachel Rachel based on the novel Jest of God by Margaret Laurence is about a 35-year-old schoolteacher Rachel Cameron who is unmarried and is portrayed in the movie as feeling terrible that she has wasted her life. The Interprofessional education would also enable me to involve all the necessary stakeholders in cases of emergency so as to limit conflicts and ensure the delivery of quality health and social care. For instance, in case I will be faced with a similar situation as the drunken patient case, I would be able to reassure the patient and ensure that they have plenty of drip water added to their body, while ensuring that before I take any steps, I consult with other adult nurses and doctors. In addition, I would advocate for joint multi-disciplinary training so as to ensure increased harmony among the IP group members at the work place. Moreover, I would also ensure that there is a clearly distinct role defined for each IP team member so that each member contributes to the situation at hand. The role of effective communication would be key to the success of my career as an adult nurse. This is because; the service user and the nurses as well as the doctors would require knowing the progress of the patient as he is being treated. In the above case, after treating the patient, he will be moved to the recovery ward where he will be attended to by other nurses and health care givers. These health care givers will require knowing the progress report of the patient, which I would ensure that they have in good time. As an adult nurse, the value of communication is immeasurable The star character Rachel lives with her mother in an apartment that was once owned by her late father in New England. It is time for the summer holidays and Rachel is not excited like the other teachers about the vacation as she figures it will just be another holiday when she will be bored and she will have to put up with her demanding mother in the house. In the movie, another character Calla Mackie who happens to be Rachels best friend,a lesbian and a fellow teacherpersuades and invites Rachel to attend a religious meeting with her. Rachel is convinced into attending the meeting and while there she is touched by the sermon delivered by the guest preacher who is a young man. This incidence marks the beginning of a series of several other events which will convince Rachel to get out of the cocoon she was hiding in and live in the real world where she can freely express her emotions and desires. Calla also feeling touched by the sermon confesses her feelings for her best friend but she is turned down by Rachel who does not have lesbian tendencies. After the religious meeting and Rachel feeling that she can express her emotions and love to those she cares about she gets involved in a short lived sexual relationship with their old family friend Nick Kazlik who was back in town to visit his folks. Rachel then has her first sexual relationship with Nick;she falls in lovewith him and starts thinking of a future with Nickmistaking the lust they have for one another for love. Nick on the other hand on noticing that Rachel is treating their relationship more seriously than it ought to be treated ends the fling because to him it was just a casual affair. Shortly after Rachel suspects that she might have fallen pregnant and this really makes her happy as she imagines having a baby of her own.Rachel therefore plans to relocate elsewhere to a place where she can raise her child now that her relationship with Nick is short-lived. Her best friend Calla helps her get another teaching job in Oregon but Rachel soon finds out that she is not pregnant but has a benign cyst. A surgery is organized and after having the cyst removed Rachel still decides to move away with her mother to Oregon and even though she is feeling alone and empty because of the loss of the man she loved and her supposed baby, she has a strong will to continue with her life. Rachels Experience Rachel Rachel is a very moving romance, classic and drama themed movie that shows the loneliness and existence of some ladies in real life where someone does not get what they have always wanted or where life seems so unfair to someone. The problem could be in our personalities where we have internal battles within us over what we want and what society or everyone else will say about us. There were several ideologies that the students discussed in low tones relating to the behavior of these students. However, this was only qualified by the fact that the medical profession students liked discussing their peers conduct and professional ethics. In this book, I learnt that Rachel had issues with other students conduct which frequently extended to the rest of the other peers both at school and at home. I concurred with critics that she often exhibited this trend. The rest of the team members agreed that the time limit of working in groups could not be construed to mean that medical students were often too pervasive. The setting of the group work was more controlled, thus limiting the results of the findings. It was agreed within my group that the real picture could be depicted in the work place though with limited variations. This was the case with the attitude of the medical students towards other medical students as well as the other students in general. The multi-disci plinary team meeting gave me insights and adequate experience in relation to the kind of communication among different professional team members. They were constantly evaluating her work which sounded kind of uneasy for Rachel. Striking a balance In emotionally sound persons, the ego normally comes out as the strongest element of personality taking care of both the Id and the superego. When these three elements are balanced someone is able to survive and exist well without taking undue advantage of others. Unfortunately not all of us can have the ego coming out stronger than our Ids and superegos. For some the Id is stronger and such a person will be self-centered and concerned only with their wellbeing and if the superego also happens to be stronger such a person can be too hard on themselves, have judgmental tendencies and relating with others would be extremely difficult for them. Like mentioned earlier the three elements are driven by sex and aggression. Sex which Freud calls the Eros stands for our desire to reproduce and live. Aggression on the other hand represents our need to acquire more wealth and protect our lives. According to Freudstheory, our ego therefore has so many tasks. It is charged with the duty of checking that everything is balanced, it deals with lifes challenges and ensures that our actions do not hurt those we care about and all this is done by employing ego defense mechanisms like: Denial- where we pretend that a problem does not exist. Suppression- where we consciously block out some thoughts from our minds especially thoughts that can hurt our feelings. Regression- where we can go back to decisions we had made earlier on. Rationalization- where we come up with logical explanations to problems or difficult situations instead of admitting the truth. Projection- where we put behaviors that are unpleasing on other people. Consequently, after looking at the storyline of the movie briefly and having explained the theory of Personality Development of the psyche by Freud Sigmund, we can say that Rachel the lead character in the movie had a personality problem. This is evident in several ways: First at 35 years of age, Rachel was still a single woman never married before and still a virgin. This shows that Rachels ego could probably be weaker than the other two elements of her personality because in Freuds explanation there reaches a point in life when every human being of reproductive age would like to procreate and have offspring of their own. And that is why when Rachel suspects that she is pregnant and her belly starts swelling she is so excited. Even though she could have ended up being a single mother she does not seem bothered at all. All that seemed to pre occupy her mind was the fact that she would have her own baby finally. This shows that Rachels super ego couldbe much stronger than her ego and her Id and that is why she was a virgin till late into her life. Secondly, Rachel looks like she has a personality development problem because she had not known who she was or what she wanted in her life before she and her friend Calla attended the crusade. It is while at the crusade that Rachel decides to have a free spirit. Rachel looks like she was hiding in some shell and it was the young preacher who helped her get out of it after which she had a sexual relationship with Nick. In this case we conclude that it is Rachels superego which was dominant once again because her morals were probably too uptight that she could not have sex before marriage. I also learnt that adult nurses should learn to downplay their differences for the common good of their patients. I also learnt that the power and authority held by students in their past affected the IP collaboration. Critics subsequently felt beaten at it. However, this has changed owing to the modern reorganization of the healthcare delivery. I learnt that other team members have now been given a chance to take lead roles in the delivery of quality health and social care. This kind of delegation was necessary due to the busy schedule of the doctors. This had to be communicated effectively within the Interprofessional teams. Nurses have been empowered and can now play a vital role which was traditionally reserved for lead doctors in the health care centers. IP working has therefore made nurses more powerful and authoritative thus providing them with ardent experience to further their careers. Rachel also does not seem to enjoy her life. Schools have closed and people are happy to be going on vacation but Rachel on the other hand is just there not excited about the holidays like everyone else. Rachel was more of an outgoing kind of person than any other character in the movie. In fact, the movie depicts Rachel as aggressive lass who not only care about her own affairs and her state of being but also the state of others. It is indeed appalling to learn that she attempts to repair the bad relationship that others have been nurturing all this while. It should be remembered that Rachels earlier background is one to reckon. I acknowledge the fact that working together as a team is integral to the success of my career. There are many times when I will have to consult various health and social care practitioners to effectively treat or deal with complications that may arise during treatment. Likewise, such professional team members may require my help in dealing with social, phys ical and mental health problems. I also appreciate the fact that effective communication within the IP teams is key since no professional staff within the health and social care can work in isolation. Professional health and social team members should attend the same training session so as to improve their IP team collaboration. Her character is mostly confused to be that of a person who is very strict and stern with all aspects of her life. This indeed helps to illuminate on the kind of character that we expect her to have. The issue again could be that her superego dominates over the other elements of her personality so much that Rachel is uptight and her conscience cannot allow her to indulge in activities that are fun even during vacation. Rachel does not seem to make decisions or to be in total control of her life. When she gets invited by Calla to attend a revival meeting Rachel goes just to please her best friend not that she really cared what was going to happen at the meeting. Fortunately for Rachel, it is a time she gets to discover herself and start doing things that other normal adults do without feeling guilty about anything. She even gets to fall in love for someone something she had never done all her entire life. The best thing is that the movie ends when Rachel seems like she is beginning to have a grip of her life and that her own life is beginning to bring meaning to her and excite her as well. Hopefully she found the love of her life where they relocated to. In the movie Rachel Rachel, several people are struggling with personality issues. The theory by Freud has helped us to study an individuals character and to be able to draw a conclusion concerning the level of development of the Id,ego and superego. My Experience During my internship at the general ward as a practicing nurse to be, I was able to experience teamwork conflicts. This experience played well during the conference, thus enabling me to learn more from a practical approach. I was also able to share my experience with the other IP team members. I also learnt important aspects of IP communication and working that are integral to the success of IP collaboration. These include, not using jargons, listening whenever other team members are talking, questioning assumptions sensibly, promoting the rights and dignity of IP team members. There are certain terms that adult nurses will use which cause confusion and ambiguity, thus making others who assume the meaning of jargons to error. On the other hand, I would also learn to resolve ethical issues within my IP team. Certain ethical issues are bound to affect the IP collaboration within my working teams. I would therefore respect other IP team members ethical standing and approach any indifference with a voice of reason in a bid to drive sense into the team members understanding. Indeed, most of the team members agreed to the fact that discrimination was indeed a shared concern. During my internship, I watched a patient walk in with his girlfriend. It was evident that from the start, the doctor on call could not give effective direction and as if this was not enough, the doctor could not take a leadership role and advice the girlfriend to calm down. I believe as a future adult nurse, I would have tackled this situation with more wit. My first step would have been to take control of the situation and give the patient options with the benefits of each. This would have given more insight to the girlfriend and reduce the conflict. I would also initiate active communication with the rest of the adult nurses for consultation in privacy. Interprofessional education would have enabled me to effectively initiate communication with my team members, thus taking control of the situation in good time. As an adult nurse, every patients condition is important since my core value is to preserve life. I have also learnt the effectiveness of working in partnership with the patients through listening and responding to their concerns. I have also learnt that it would be important to consult with the patients regarding their treatment and care before commencing such. While reflecting this experience, I shall work closely with my team members as an adult nurse and constantly communicate with the relevant authorities and IP team members for quality health and social care delivery. I truly acknowledge that I would need a succinct understanding of teamwork and modern approaches towards health and social solutions. As a future adult nurse, I will always ensure that I initiate effective communication with the rest of my IP team members so as to work together for the common good of the patients. The experience that I learnt was indeed useful as it would enable me to effectively become a successful adult nurse who would stand out from the rest. The person-centred approach was particularly imperative in ensuring that I am able to understand the genesis of multi-disciplinary teamwork. I indeed acknowledge that issues relating to patient care should be approached with interprofessional teamwork so that each medical practitioner offers advice in his or her area of professional knowledge while ensuring that they work as a team. My experience at the multi-disciplinary conference would enable me to become a successful adult nurse who values teamwork and professional collaboration. This conference has also enabled me to have a clear picture of what medical professionals go through and what can be done to avert such challenges. I now feel adequately capable of tacking these challenges that my career as an adult nurse will provide. I have also learnt to take into account the views of other people when making important decisions. Indeed issues of race, gender, class and sexuality among others should not affect multi-disciplinary teamwork. Cultural and social differences should not be construed as effective barriers to IP teamwork. As a future adult nurse, the conference was a brainstorming session which expanded my experience. I was also able to learn that certain general terms used by patients to refer to their illness may indeed cause great confusion among professional health and social care practitioners. These are referred to as stereotypes. In such a situation, the health and social professional practitioner should consult the other members of his or her IP group or team so as to come up with the proper interpretation thus limit errors in the treatment of the patients condition. Synergy model of nursing supports this argument and calls for more consultation in the treatment of the patient. The group discussion on IP education enabled me to visualize the reality between theory and practice. The patient-centred perspective was clearly illuminated by the patients voice presentation. The exclusion of IP working has been seen in collaborative treatment. Decisions made by individual inexperienced doctors have been tragic. The case of Victoria Climbie and Baby Peter can best illuminate this when Baby Tiffany passed on due to negligence. Findings from this tragic situation enabled doctors and nurses to establish a framework that saw the prevention of such situations. It was agreed that IP teams would not be able to prevent the occurrence of every tragic incidence. Some would indeed be inevitable. Hence, I was able to learn the value of communication and collaboration in the build up to my career as an adult nurse. Calla also seems to be struggling with her sexuality. She is a lesbian but before the Christian revival she cannot confess her feelings to Rachel because of the societys views on the subject but after the meeting everyone is feeling like they can open up and that is when she openly tells Rachel of her feelings even though she is turned down. Conclusion In conclusion, we can say that the three elements that make up someones personality are very crucial in molding the character of someone and greatly influence what someone turns into when they are adults. We should therefore strive to help the Id, ego and superego to grow well and the ego especially should be nurtured to surpass the other two in dominance, because as research has shown for a sound thinking adult, the ego should dominate. As much as this may not be achieved in all people, those who hang around children should motivate them so that they do not have problems in adulthood in identity or of self-esteem like was the case of Rachel and Calla. Rachels super-ego is something to reckon with though at times she seems to be not confident enough to tackle the situation at hand. She stands out as a she-wolf, always seizing any opportunity that comes her way.

Voting Requirements in the Economic Arena :: Political Economic Business Essays

Voting Requirements in the Economic Arena Status as an adult citizen in a political jurisdiction is seen as a sufficient condition to entitle one to a vote for a representative or participate in collective decision-making. Why not apply that same criterion and entitle adult citizens to voting rights to decide the composition of corporate boards of directors and decide other corporate matters? If mere adult status and citizenship is sufficient for decision-making in the political arena, why not in the economic arena as well? The easy answer/question is: why should anyone who has no stake or interest in a corporation have a say in its decision-making? The only people who should have voting rights are stockholders who have ownership rights in the corporation manifested by stock ownership. We generally agree that voting power should be proportional to their stake in the corporation, namely how many shares they own. If votes were not proportionate to one's stake (stock) in the corporation, including none at all, people might easily vote in ways that personally benefit them but harm the best interests of the corporation and other stockholders. For example, imagine if all Detroit citizens were entitled to vote on decisions made by General Motors. Suppose these voters managed to get on the ballot the question whether the corporation should give all of its profits to local charitable organizations or be plowed back into the corporation as retained earnings. It is not at all inconceivable that donating General Motors' profits to local charities might win by a landslide. People who have little or no stake in General Motors can be expected to behave differently than those who do, simply because their decisions are less costly to them - others bear the cost of their decisions. The identical cost/benefit assessment applies to decision-making in the political arena. Suppose a politician campaigned on the promise to increase spending on various social programs that would be funded with higher taxes. People who pay little or no taxes would see themselves as coming out ahead by voting for that politician. They would bear little or none of the costs, at least directly in the form of taxes, and they would benefit from the promised social spending increase. As such they could be counted upon to support such a politician. Survey polls showed a less-than-enthusiastic response to President George Bush's calls for tax cuts. Maybe a good part of the reason is the fact that so many Americans pay little or no income taxes.

Internet Addiction: Ushering in a Generation of the Socially Inept

How long does a year take when it's going away? This was a question asked by Dunbar to a very highly disciplined soldier right before explaining, rising in almost furious passion, how fast life goes and that the only way that can slow it down is the slow, tedious, and overall unpleasant aspects of life. Granted this conversation took place in a work of fiction; however, how Dunbar insisted that he spend most of his time on base shooting skeet simply because it made his life seem to pass slower does draw parallels to how we distract ourselves today. Unlike in the 50's when Mr. Heller first introduced us to his pleasantly insane world that was Catch-22, today we have the amazing expanse of information and entertainment known as the Internet as well as the multitude of mediums for accessing it: computers, tablets, cellphones, televisions, even the very confines of our car can read Facebook updates. But with this quickly growing rise in demand for technology, status updates, and quick amusement, there is also a growth in research on a literal addiction to the Internet and technology. Many in the social sciences worry that we may be looking at a dependence on the superficial global connection, one that I fear may leave us with an incapable generation of social media dependents. Internet addiction is seen as an impulse-control disorder, much like other addictions such as to gambling or sexual activity, where users are unable to resist urges or impulses to access the Internet. In a recent study done by Dr. Kimberly Young of the University of Pittsburgh at Bradford, it was found that out of the nearly four hundred surveyed that were categorized as Internet dependent a resounding number had experienced academic, relationship, financial, or occupational problems that could be directly linked to excessive Internet use (Table 1).    One of the most alarming of these were those whose real relationships were affected with plenty sad and at times disturbing anecdotes of people becoming too absorbed in the lures of the online community; for example, one mother had forgot about some of the more basic needs of her own children such as picking them up from school or making them dinner (Young 1-5). The academic arena is one that has been most recently seen affected. When surveyed at the Cranfield School of Management in the United Kingdom, about 39% of students 11 to 18 years old said that texting had taken its toll on their ability to proper write English. Probably more concerning was the 59.2% that openly admitted to plagiarism, â€Å"inserting information straight from the Internet into schoolwork, without actually reading or changing it, and then, shockingly, a third of those said that they considered that acceptable schoolwork (Goodwin). Then you have Californian psychologist Larry D. Rosen who referred to the â€Å"Google effect,† what he described as â€Å"an inability to remember facts brought on by the realization [sic] they are all available via Google (â€Å"Rise † 8). What we see here can be construed as just laziness on part of this generation, a stereotype that I would agree with if not for the overwhelming evidence that suggests that this issue runs so much deeper, namely how we interact with each other when we are offline. The detrimental effects that dependence on the Internet has on people is further outlined in the report â€Å"Technology Overload: Explaining, Diagnosing, And Dealing With Techno-Addiction† by Nada Kakabadse, a professor of management and business research at University of Northampton in the United Kingdom. His commentary was hardly optimistic: â€Å"Being hooked into ICT [information and communication technology] devices and ignoring ‘offline' social interaction can lead to chronic insomnia, relationship break-up, job-loss, premature burn-out and accidents as a result of inattentiveness to daily detail.The harm to both the individual and society is immense. Idolatry of ICT gadgets such as the PDA, BlackBerry, mobile phone, has serious consequences, especially when ‘online' behavior begins to interfere with an ‘offline' life. † (Claburn) Vesile Oktan revealed in another report on the effects that Internet dependence had on students at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey on their ability to cope and control emotions. While his findings did indicate that Internet addiction was a reliable predictor in poor emotions management, he also point out previous studies that supported this such as young people with virtual gaming addictions had low self-control and discipline. He went on to discuss how this addiction could be a behavioral pattern that compensated, however inadequately, for failures in life (Oktan 3-5). A very similar examination from Greece only showed consistency; when comparing a younger demographic (ages 12-18) to their respective parents over the course of two years, it was found that without preventative initiative Internet addiction grew in the children. The biggest predictor variable for this addiction was parental bonding rather than actual security as many parents underestimated their children's involvement (Siomos). These two reports show a consistent connection between how people interact outside the digital world and how they both are affected and effect how one develops uncontrollable cravings. What the spectacular resources the Internet has to offer surely can't be refuted as invaluable. The ability to quickly and effectively communicate with each other over vast distances and almost instantaneously is a recent luxury that we at times take for granted. The use of the Internet and its many outlets does make for a good distraction in much of the same way Dunbar made use of the shooting range in Catch-22 even though he detested actually doing target practice. Unfortunately, in this situation, what we can take for granted also has its capacity to consume and entrap us with its ease of access and being easily relatible unlike standard social situations when offline where one has to make compromises (Young 5). Many experts would rather not classify this issue as an actual addiction, citing that it is more of a means to an end such as how gambling addicts will switch to the Internet poker rooms when they can no longer get their fix from actual casinos or vice versa (Ritchie). I firmly believe that this is a real problem in society that will eventually prevent many people from achieving success as this continues to monopolize their time, effort, and mental processes. I would almost go as far to say that I have my own difficulties with this; case and point: I would readily say that this essay would have been completed in a timely manner if it had not been of the constant distraction from reality that the Internet provides. I will conclude with an anecdote that very clearly displays where many undiagnosed individuals are going if this issue is not given proper attention. I challenge you to read this and reflect on other well researched and described addictions such as with alcohol, gambling, and sexual activity. Then I pose to you a question: if we are dealing with a very similar problem with a medium that is as vast as it is accessible, long could a life take when it's going away? â€Å"When Johnny's grandmother died unexpectedly, the family was devastated. Fifteen-year-old Johnny seemed to be coping well, but would continue to spend at least six hours a day playing online role-play game [sic] World of Warcraft; sometimes up to 10 hours at the weekend. It was not until months later, after he had cut down on his gaming, that the impact of the death really hit home. Johnny went to visit his grandfather and was horrified to relearn that his grandmother had gone and would not be coming back. â€Å"He did acknowledge it, but was so immersed in World of Warcraft at the time that when he got off the game, he was shocked and very upset that she wasn't there, says Dr. Richard Graham, a consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist who subsequently treated Johnny for his gaming addiction. â€Å"The time Johnny spent gaming had steadily increased over the years until he was spending every available hour on his Xbox. He completely lost all interest in school and his grades inevitably suffered. It was only after a couple of months of treatment that Johnny started to re-engage with the people around him. ‘That emotional impact had been frozen in time,' says Dr Graham. ‘Even when there was a death in the family, something as crucial as mourning didn't take place.'† (Ritchie)

Ibn Battuta essays

Ibn Battuta essays Ibn Battuta was one of the great travelers of ancient history. He traveled to Mecca on his first hajj to complete the service that all Muslims should do if they are able to. Traveling to Mecca was an adventurous experience and many people didn't make it because the trip was very rough on the body. There were rituals that had to be followed before Ibn Battuta got to Mecca and rituals that had to performed while in Mecca. These rituals sometimes symbolized events of the past. Before reaching Mecca, Ibn Battuta went through several different places such as North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, and Syra. "There were five stations on the trails leading to Mecca where pilgrims were required to enter into the state of consecration called ihram." At this point the male pilgrims prayed and washed themselves. After they finished praying they received a special garmet, also called an ihram. The garmet they received was two plain white cloths; one was wrapped around the waist and the other was wrapped around the top portion of the body, but didn't cover one shoulder. The ihram symbolized equality of all men before God, the pilgrim was to behave himself the same as he entered. In October 1326, Ibn Battuta finally reached Mecca and he went to the Holy House. Pilgrims from all over gathered in Mecca to pray in the Sacred Mosque. When a visitor arrives in Mecca, he must as his very first act perform the tawaf, the cirumambulation. He walks around the Ka'ba seven times counterclockwise slowly, while reciting prayers special to the occasion. Each time he passes the eastern corner he kisses or touches the Black Stone, he does this because the Prophet kissed the stone. Once the pilgrim has completed his tawaf he goes to the Maqam where he prays a prayer of two prostrations. Next the pilgrims go to the well to drink, the water is sacred and has a saline taste, but the pilgrims still drink it because it heals them. After drinking from the ...

The Great Gatsby Essay

The Great Gatsby Essay F .Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" is a story of a group of "friends" who live on two separate islands in Long Island, New York. The main characters are, Nick Carraway who is also the narrator, Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker, and Myrtle Wilson. The story takes place in the 1920's in Long Island, New York as well as New York City. It is said to be "an exclusive literary group of fictional masterworks forming the American literary collection, which define... the American myth of identity and experience." It is also said by Professor Daniel S .Burt that this is a novel that is based on a "series of lies." The Great Gatsby is both a great American piece of literature and a series of detailed lies. The American experience is about the "American Dream." Which is how you are perceived by your peers, therefore you can achieve the American experience while stringing together a group of lies.The Great Gatsby (1926 film)F Scott Fitzgerald does this while telling a story of a group of people whose live were so involved with one another that it put them all against each other driving them to do some very outrageous things.Jay Gatsby or James Gatz as he used to be known is a prime example of someone in the novel who is "living the American dream" although he is living a lie. On page 69 he says to Nick "I am the son of some wealthy people in the mid-west-all dead now.....educated at Oxford because all of my ancestors have been educated there. It is a family tradition." Although when Gatsby was asked later by Nick on page 70 where in the mid-west he was from Gatsby replied "San Francisco." This is one instance in the novel where Gatsby, who...

Current Issue Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Current Issue - Coursework Example Being near green vacant lots was associated with an average heart rate reduction of more than five beats per minute, compared with non-greened lots. Further analysis concluded that the total net reduction in heart rate when near and in view of green vacant lots was more than 15 heart beats a minute. â€Å"We used heart rate as a physiologic marker of acute stress, and the reduction we found suggests a biological link between urban blight reduction strategies like vacant lot greening and reductions in stress,† lead author Dr. Eugenia South, a physician in the department of emergency medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, said in a university news release. â€Å"Our hypothesis in the earlier published work was that transforming vacant lots from being overrun with weeds and filled with trash to a clean and green space may make it difficult for people to hide weapons and conduct illegal activities such as drug use in or near the space,† South

What is the secret meaning of the art and how we knowers could access Essay

What is the secret meaning of the art and how we knowers could access the secret through emotions and imagination - Essay Example Through cultivating and releasing the spirit of creativity, art becomes a perfect tool for healing patients with serious mental disorders. Art liberates the process of creativity in our minds and seeks solutions to the problems affecting us in our lives. It helps us provide freedom and sustenance to our creativity and hence moving freely to any direction that is most appropriate for us. Art has acquired great significance in treating patients with critical mental sickness, patients with severe depressions, patients with anxiety and emotional disorders. In addition, some programs organized for solving addiction problems incorporate art to make them perfect. To add on that, people without mental disorders also use art to communicate their ideas, feelings, facts, thoughts and findings (Rustin 5). A person with serious fright attacks and horrified by most of the things that many take in a pace that include conversation with cashiers, driving and receiving telephone calls may remain stagnant in his house just because of fears outside. Art therefore, focus on current issues that induce stress as well as those of the past. Through art, the individual can learn how to deal with the problems knowing that he cannot run away from them. Paintings can also help remember previous problems and the means used to address them and cultivates a culture of acceptance in oneself and confidence in dealing with the problems. The paintings create a visual impression in one mind, which tends to reduce the imagination as one learns to familiarize himself with the situation. Art in this way makes what is invisible visible and thus easier to fight an enemy you see than one you do not see (Rustin 7). The arts paintings depicting the various problems facing the society will help reduce the imaginations and suffering. Problem sharing between individuals helps to reduce the adverse effects created by the problem. A painting therefore helps to create an impression of problem

Trial by Jury, Is the Lamp That Shows That Freedom Lives Assignment

Trial by Jury, Is the Lamp That Shows That Freedom Lives - Assignment Example The task of this paper is to determine whether â€Å"the lamp that shows that freedom lives† has lost its glow or is there still a need for jury service? The answers to the questions are in the affirmative. The prevailing government policy is to limit access to trial by jury to the most serious offences or indictable offences such as murder and rape and persons accused of summary offences such as driving offences, drunkenness or disorderly behaviour, common assault and criminal damage where the damage cost is less than ?50003 shall not be entitled to a trial by jury. Cases of this nature shall fall within the jurisdiction of the Magistrates Court. On the other hand, the Magistrates or Crown Court has concurrent jurisdiction over offenses such as theft, burglary and assault resulting in actual bodily harm, these are otherwise known as the â€Å"tri-able either way† offences. However, before a case is sent to the Crown Court, the Magistrates Court shall first determine if the case is grave enough to warrant an indictment before the Crown. Jury participation is seen to have been gradually dissipated or eroded. Before 1927, a coroner’s inquests is participated by juries to determine if there is sufficient ground to indict the person accused of the crime of killing to stand trial-either for murder or manslaughter. However, jury participation in 1927 was to limited inquest cases and under the Coroners Act 19884, coroner’s jury shall be necessary only when there is reason to suspect a death occurred in prison; in police custody or as a result of police causing injury; which is reportable under separate legislation to a government department or officer or to the Health & Safety Executive; occurring in circumstances prejudicial to public health or safety; and in any other case where it appears to him that there is reason to do so. Under the guise of administration of law and speedy disposition of cases, trial by jury is restricted in minor of fences and this is advocated to favour the victims of more serious or heinous crimes. Jury participation was dispensed with under the proposed Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 where the Home Office Secretary is empowered to create special inquests for reasons of national security or when public interest requires it. Although this provision was removed from the Counter-Terrorism Bill, it was included in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Jury trial has likewise been abolished in civil cases except for cases involving libel and false imprisonment as well as in the Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004.5 The first argument proffered by the government that trial by jury is a slow process is indeed valid considering that it involves jury selection, interpretation of the law and summation of evidence by the judge and ending with the deliberation of the jury to either acquit or convict however expediency should not sacrifice the right of the accused to be tried by his peers summoned to m ake an fair and impartial ruling. This is a substantial right which cannot be withdrawn at will by the government because this guarantees that the accused’

Sophies World Outline Essay Example for Free

Sophies World Outline Essay The idea that nothing can come from nothing is introduced. Sophie questions whether all things come from a basic element. She learned that things in nature are in a constant state of transformation. Is there a beginning of everything? What do you believe it to be?introduction: The idea that nothing can come from nothing is introduced. Sophie questions whether all things come from a basic element. She learned that things in nature are in a constant state of transformation. Is there a beginning of everything? What do you believe it to be? Yanotan Zelink I. event one A. Sophie receives a letter containing three new questions. Which she contemplates an entire day before getting another packet with a letter explaining to her that the philosophy course will be going from ancient Greek philosophy up to present day philosophy. B. She learns that the ancient Greeks believed the world was eternal. â€Å"The earliest Greek Philosophers are sometimes called natural philosophers because they were mainly concerned with the natural world and its processes† (30). So, they never asked about where it came from. Instead they were interested in the question of change. C. The Tao of Physics. II.event two A. The debate â€Å"what are we made of?† is raised. Early philosophers shared a belief that there had to be a certain basic substance at the root of all change. B. While some natural philosophers believed that everything was made of water, others believed they were made of air. â€Å"Earth, air, and fire were all necessary the creation of life† (33). C. Human-Aesthetic Perfection Song Lyrics. III.event three A. All Things Flow- â€Å"Everything is in constant flux and movement, nothing is abiding. Therefore we ‘cannot step twice into the river.’†(34)- Heraclitus B. Heraclitus states the world is made of opposites- we would not appreciate one thing if we did not experience the other. C. A Healthy Transformation by Dr. Jeffery McCombs. IV.conclusion A. As Sophie thinks about all of this, she concludes that one cannot learn philosophy. They can only learn how to think like a philosopher. V.journal questions A. If you were to come up with your own philosophy about life and what we’re made of, what would it be? Explain your philosophy. B. Other than physical aspects of a human, such as bones or basic elements, what would you say humans are made of emotionally or philosophically? Why? C. If there was only good in the world and no bad, how would it be and how would the outcome affect the world?

Why are walls important?

Why are walls important? Why are walls important? Walls are very important parts of buildings, they have several useful functions: * Protect us from dangerous animals and people * Provide shelter from elements such as wind and rain * Makes a ‘secure home * Bears the loads of the roofs, floors and furniture Block work Standard blocks are 6 times larger than standard bricks, this means that bricklayers can build the wall more quickly, therefore taking less time and reducing labouring costs. For the walls, the external walls will be cavity walls made from aerated concrete blocks and the internal walls will be made from dense concrete blocks. The reasons for these choices will be explained further on. What are and Aerated Concrete blocks and why I have chosen Duncan Marshall (2008) says that; Aerated blocks consist of water, cement, pulverised fuel ash, sand and lime. Aerated concrete blocks are very versatile as they can be used in many different parts of the building, such as party and solid walls, cavity walls (internal and external leaves) and foundations. We will be using Celcon aerated concrete blocks, which are BBA certified (British Board of Agrà ©ment, which is the UKs major authority offering approval of construction products). Sizes (in mm): 215 125 440 Reasons for using Aerated blocks for the inner and outer leaf: * Good thermal insulation (Thermal conductivity is 0.15W/mK, Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to transmit heat, the lower the value the better) * Easy to handle for labourers/bricklayers, as theyre relatively lightweight and can be cut and chased * Closed cell structure means they have good water penetration resistance * Good fire protection Class O surface spread of flame (the best rating) * Non combustible * Relatively strong (Strength 3.6 N/mm ²) What are Dense Concrete blocks and Why I have chosen them? Dense concrete blocks consist of cement, aggregate (fine and coarse). We will be using Celcon Hi (7) Strength blocks. Sizes (in mm): 215 150 440 Reasons for using dense concrete blocks for the internal walls (party/solid walls): * Very strong (7.3N/ mm ²) * They provide a good surface for most renders and plasters * Good sound protection This is an illustration of a building regulation (part A) for the compressive strength needed of walls. For the external walls it will be a cavity wall comprising of aerated concrete blocks (7.2N/mm2), and the inner walls will be a solid wall of dense concrete blocks (7.3N/mm2). Height of wall Length Minimum thickness Not exceeding 3.5m Up to 12m 190mm for whole height Exceeding 3.5m but not 9m Not exceeding 9m 190mm for whole height 9m 12m 290mm from base for 1 storey and 190mm for remaining height Exceeding 9m but not 12m Not exceeding 9m 290mm from base for height of 1 storey and 190mm for rest of height Exceeding 9m but not 12m 290mm from base for the height of 2 storeys and 190mm for rest of height This is a table from the building regulations (Part A) about the thickness of walls. For our design, the internal and external walls both exceed 290mm, therefore the walls will have the correct thickness. Mortar Mortar is needed to bond the blocks together to provide stability for the wall, therefore building. It also seals gaps between the blocks to prevent water getting through the gaps when it rains. Blocks (aerated and dense) Duncan Marshall (2008) recommends our buildings will have a mortar ratio of 1:1:6 (cement: lime: sand). The reason for having a low amount of cement (cement provides the strength) compared to the sand (sand gives volume), is that making the mortar not that strong is so that it doesnt limit movement and will cause cracks in the joints rather than the concrete blocks. This mixture is recommended by a professional concrete company, therefore it wont be too weak, as then the mortar will fail. Jointing/pointing bucket_handle.gifAll of the buildings will have the bucket handle design. This is because Duncan Marshall (2008) says it helps seal the joint, also it compresses the mortar slightly and the shape improves resistance to water penetration. Walls Quoins Out of these three different types of bonding block work we will use 5 (reveal quoin), because its the most simple bond, therefore easier for bricklayers to build the wall, and reducing the likelihood of errors occurring. Also 3 bonding will be used if needed to keep the whole wall to the correct dimension. Cavity Walls For all our cavity walls in our buildings, they will be partial fill cavity walls. Kingspan Insulation says; one of its main advantages is that it prevents rain getting to the inner leaf, which would cause dampness in the walls, therefore weakening the walls. One disadvantage with partial fill cavity walls happens in the physical construction of the wall takes place, if the walls arent sealed completely, airflow in the wall leads to an enormous amount of heat loss within the wall (shown by red areas in 2). This can be caused by dirty ties and mortar snots, which are pieces of mortar which have dropped into the cavity, and cause moisture. 125 75 20 125 20 Block Cavity Insulation Plasterboard 365mm F . Cavity Walls Wall ties Duncan Marshall (2008) says; as we are having a partial fill cavity we have to use this special tie with plastic retainer. In the 2004 Regulations (Approved Document A) there is a requirement to use stainless steel ties. Building regulations says the tie should be bedded at least 50mm in each leaf. In terms of the tie angle, it should be slightly sloped toward the outside leaf; otherwise the other leaf will get damp. Cavity Walls Movement joints The materials that make up a wall will expand and contract because of reasons such as temperature and moisture content. Because concrete blocks are made of cement, they will shrink slightly. Therefore, the big sections of wall need to be shortened to accommodate for the movement, if movement joints are placed correctly, this will prevent the wall from cracking. Duncan Marshall (2008) says that the movement joints of internal concrete block walls should have movement joints approx every 6 metres, but the 1st joint should only be 3 metres away from a corner or bend in the wall. We will incorporate this into our designs. Cavity Walls- Jambs The blue line is the window Damp proof course prevents water penetration from the jamb of the window frame Cavity Walls Lintels Duncan Marshall (2008) say that the lintels carry the distributed load of brickwork across the top of the window frame. Lintels can be up to lengths of 4500mm and when constructed should have at least 150mm bearing on the wall either side. Lintel with insulation to prevent cold bridging, cold bridging happens when heat is lost from the inside of the building to the outside because the material (this case the lintel) is the ‘bridge for the heat loss. When the insulation is there, it has a higher thermal conductivity than the lintel (galvanised steel), so the heat ‘bridges to the insulation and not outside the building. 10 This is very important concept of insulation, that also applies to cavity and solid walls where insulation is used. Insulation External Walls Insulation boards are used to keep the heat within a room/building so that the living/working conditions are favourable. We will have WT20 insulation boards (size is 1200x600x20mm) from warmtiles.co.uk Board Sizes Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Resistance (k-value) U-value (W/m ²K) Weight (kgs) 1200 x 600 x 20 mm 0.029 0.69 1.45 0.45 The U value is the amount of heat which will flow through 1 square metre of a wall for every degree in temperature difference between the inside and outside. Resistance is the resistance to heat flow of a material of a given thickness. Now I can calculate the U-value for the walls. U value for cavity walls (Thickness/Thermal Conductivity = Resistance) This transitions into weep holes; weep holes allow the water to exit the cavity. As we are only using blocks, we will use plastic weep holes that are placed every 450 mm. Weep holes, damp proof courses and the bucket handle mortar are excellent parts of the wall that allow it to prevent water penetration. Cavity Walls-Sills Cavity Walls joining cavity walls to internal walls This is how we will join the inner leaf to the internal walls, also where two internal walls (could be party walls) join, it will be toothed in. Walls Door and Window frames (Openings) The building regulation below specifies the sum of openings (w1+w2) shouldnt be more than 2/3 ‘L. Opening heights should be less than 2.1m, and the width less than 3m. This ensures the wall is not weakened significantly under compression by openings. We used this formula for a standard room (not disabled). Length of whole wall Door sizes Thickness= 40mm 2040 mm 826mm Windows A very common part of walls, and obligatory for accommodation buildings are windows. Window sizes (British Standard: 2003) 1050 mm 1800 mm *Purple segments are windows that open (white arrows indicate what direction they open), orange segments are fixed. This type of window is called ‘Left-hand multi light. Sound Control One of the functions of the walls is to control the airborne sounds, such as aeroplanes and cars travelling outside of the building. The internal walls will be made out of dense concrete blocks, as this provides good sound protection. Celcon aerated blocks also have just as good of a level of sound protection. Osbourn and Greeno (2007), say the Sound reduction index (SRI) is a way of measuring the effectiveness of construction insulating airborne sound. We will have a block cavity wall which is plastered, this has a SRI number of 49, and 150 mm dense concrete walls which have a SRI number of about 46. These are relatively acceptable SRI values to be used in construction. Finishes There are different finishes you can have for aerated concrete blocks; plastered, rendered and painted. For the outside of the external walls we will render the walls (10mm wide). For internal walls (dense concrete blocks) we will have plaster boards (20mm wide). Cement Rendering After the mortar and blocks are bonded, render will be applied. For our design we are using aerated concrete blocks for the external walls, therefore we should not use strong renders (Duncan Marshall, 2008), because when the dense mix shrinks, it will go past the limit of stress that the blocks can handle, therefore cracking will occur. Our building will have a very similar aesthetic appearance to this building (right), except for the colour. References David Littlefield, et al., 2008, Metric handbook, 3rd Edition, Duncan Marshall ,2008, Construction Website 0809 (unframed construction) http://learn.lboro.ac.uk/file.php/1183/UWE08/index.htm Dereck Osbourn and Roger Greeno, Mitchells Introduction to Building 4th Edition Julian McKenzie (Lectures) Sizes of concrete blocks http://www.sigexpress.co.uk/Aerated-Concrete-Blocks/Celcon-100mm-Standard-Block.htm Partial Fill Cavity Walls http://www.insulateonline.com/index1.htm?walls2.htm~main Insulation Boards http://www.warmtiles.co.uk/category.php?id_category=17 Analytical Essay: The Teaching Of Speaking Analytical Essay: The Teaching Of Speaking The theme of the research paper is The Teaching of Speaking. For the teacher it is very essential to know how to teach speaking foreign language correctly and to be able to do that. That is why there are several methods and manners how to give the knowledge in an easier manner to the students. The aim: To investigate what methods are used to teach speaking are used mostly and find out as many as possible teaching speaking methods. The enabling objectives: to find out and study theory on the teaching of speaking(mention the theme) to collect and summarize the gained data to draw conclusions The research question: Which methods are used to improve teaching the teaching of speaking? The methods of research: analysis of the theoretical material case study The tools of research and data collection: analysis of the teaching of speaking methods 1.THE TEACHING OF SPEAKING What is speaking? In fact, speaking is an action carrying out the information or expressing feelings and emotions, persons thoughts in spoken language. Speaking is also the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts (Chaney, 1998, p. 13). By the teaching of speaking is meant to produce the English speech sounds and sound patterns, use word and sentence stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the language, select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social setting, audience, situation and subject matter, organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence and use language as a means of expressing values and judgments (Online 2). 1.1Strategies for Developing Speaking Skills According to the internet source, students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also an important part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language (Online 1). These strategies can help students to enlarge their knowledge of language. If the students are confident in speaking, it would be more easier to receive the other information while learning. 1.1.1Using minimal responses Language learners who are not confident about their ability to participate successfully in oral disscussions often listen in silence while others do the talking. One way to encourage such learners to begin to participate is to help them build up a stock of minimal responses that they can use in different types of exchanges. Such responses can be especially useful for beginners (Online 1). Minimal responses are predictable, often idiomatic phrases that conversation participants use to indicate understanding, agreement, doubt, and other responses to what another speaker is saying. Having a stock of such responses enables a learner to focus on what the other participant is saying, without having to simultaneously plan a response (Online 1). 1.1.2Recognizing scripts Some communication situations are associated with a predictable set of spoken exchanges a script. Greetings, apologies, compliments, invitations, and other functions that are influenced by social and cultural norms often follow patterns or scripts. So do the transactional exchanges involved in activities such as obtaining information and making a purchase. In these scripts, the relationship between a speakers turn and the one that follows it can often be anticipated. Instructors can help students develop speaking ability by making them aware of the scripts for different situations so that they can predict what they will hear and what they will need to say in response. Through interactive activities, instructors can give students practice in managing and varying the language that different scripts contain. 1.1.3Using language to talk about language Language learners are often too embarrassed or shy to say anything when they do not understand another speaker or when they realize that a conversation partner has not understood them. Instructors can help students overcome this reticence by assuring them that misunderstanding and the need for clarification can occur in any type of interaction, whatever the participants language skill levels. Instructors can also give students strategies and phrases to use for clarification and comprehension check. By encouraging students to use clarification phrases in class when misunderstanding occurs, and by responding positively when they do, instructors can create an authentic practice environment within the classroom itself. As they develop control of various clarification strategies, students will gain confidence in their ability to manage the various communication situations that they may encounter outside the classroom. 1.2How to teach speaking According to the given internet sources, now many linguists and teachers consider that students can improve their communication and speaking skills working into groups together with other students and playing real-life situations in the target language. To achieve the goal of speaking well, the students need to improve their language fluency (speaking smoothly), pronunciation (saying words properly) and enunciation (saying words and phrases clearly) (Online 4). Fluency comes from practice. Every English speaking person cannot improve speaking smoothly in some two months, it comes after longer time. T o get to the aim, there should be made speech of long, complicated sentences. For example, to build more fluent speech, a helper could be discussions, presentations, role plays, negations, debates, interviews and meetings. Pronunciation is the ability to say words properly with the correct sounds in the correct places (Online 4). To make words sound correctly, it can take very long time to develop the pronunciation. As suggested in the internet source, the student should focus on working on specific vowels, trouble consonants, and working on understanding movement and location of mouth and tongue when making sounds (Online 4). In phonetics, enunciation is the act of speaking. Good enunciation is the act of speaking clearly and concisely (Online 5). If the enunciation of the speech is pure, others will not be able to understand speakers speech. To avoid misunderstandings in the communication towards others, according to the internet sources, the student should pay attention to trouble word combinations, reductions, sentence and word level stress points and sentence level intonation patterns. 2.WHICH TEACHING METHODS ARE MORE PREFERABLE FOR STUDENTS THEMSELVES If there were a questionnaire, the aim of it would be to clear up which of the teaching methods are more understandable and useful for the students themselves. No one can answer to this question more precise and honestly as the students. CONCLUSIONS The teaching of speaking means that the teacher gives the knowledge to the student how to communicate with others, to produce sounds, words correctly and clearly, to use precisely intonation patterns, to choose appropriate themes which to speak to the proper social setting and audience. There are a lot of teaching methods which can be used in the teaching process, but, in my opinion, more preferable methods are those who are easier and understandable for the students. For instance, to make your speech more fluent and clearer, it can be enough to read articles with complicated vocabulary and sentence structure aloud every day. Rounding up, if the teacher is teaching in a simple manner and understandable for students. THESIS Speaking is an action carrying out the information or expressing feelings and emotions, persons thoughts in spoken language. Many linguists and teachers consider that students can improve their communication and speaking skills working into groups together with other students and playing real-life situations in the target language. To build more fluent speech, a helper could be discussions, presentations, role plays, negations, debates, interviews and meetings. Fluency comes from practice. Every English speaking person cannot improve speaking smoothly in some two months, it comes after longer time. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language.