Against School: Agree or Disagree? Essay

â€Å"Against School† is an argumentative essay that tells about how the public education system incapacitates the children of today. In this reading, Gatto claims that the public education system causes children to become bored with themselves, to conform to the way of the school and its teachers, and it causes them to lack the ability to deal with issues that go on in the real world, outside of school. The writer’s explanation for this is that it is partially the teachers’ fault. The students become bored because the teacher is actually bored with teaching the subject. Students would be adamant to learn if they were given and education and not just schooled. The students need to be encouraged to have the qualities to succeed in life instead of sitting in a prison style confinement, forced to learn material that society deemed appropriate. Summing up the essay, â€Å"Against School† states that he believes that the students should be able to manage themselves. After reading Gatto’s essay I must agree with him. If students and teachers are both bored in the school, and of the material being taught. We’re only taught what they want us to be taught. To me, students need more than that. The material needs to be taught and explained how retaining the knowledge will help them in the future. If we don’t know how it will benefit us in some way then it’s almost meaningful. In conclusion, I agree with Gatto’s argument because I think it is something most students can relate to. We’ve all had a boring teacher, teaching a boring class, that we thought meant absolutely nothing to us. But if we’re forced to take the class, then there must be some reason for it.

Brechtian Performance †Message Delivery Essay

Our group explored and used a variety of different Brechtian techniques. Our chosen form of â€Å"social improvement† was â€Å"safe sex†, and we chose to use a parody of the well-known Bible tale of Genesis to deliver our message, hence juxtaposing contemporary society. We presented it with quite a lot of satire, with physical comedy (the banana and the throwing of clothes whilst Adam [Ryan] and Eve [Steph] were behind the curtains) as well as verbal comedy (â€Å"But God said we could do anything but touch the bananas!†). This example of verbal comedy was to parody God’s command to not touch the apples in the book of the Bible. We also had a narrator (Rebekka) who proved to be effective and acted in the style of a â€Å"Brechtian† narrator. We had individuals step out of the group to address the audience too – God (Jasmin) talked directly to the audience. This is a very popular Brechtian technique as it breaks the â€Å"fourth wall† and jars the audience. God and the narrator also gave stage directions, an example of self-reference which is again jarring for the audience. Since we used a Biblical story, there is already the presence of God, who made the judgment on characters in the end and resolved piece of epic theatre – another Brechtian technique. Also, when God entered, the music We Will Rock You was played in the background, juxtaposing God’s holiness and seriousness and creating opportunities for comedy at the same time. I think certain Brechtian techniques were utilized quite well in our piece of epic theatre. By choosing the tale of Adam and Even, we do not need introductions or monologues in order for the audience to understand the characterizations of the roles – even if not everyone is religious, I think it can be assumed that the whole of the audience are quite familiar with the basics of the tale. This allows the audience to be easily engaged in our performance. Our physical and verbal uses of comedy was successful – the audience understood the innuendos and showed this by laughing at the appropriate times. We also presented the Bible view of contraception satirically, and in the end used the narrator to tell the audience what the message really was – to have safe sex. Thus our issue of social improvement was clearly understood by the audience. When God said â€Å"to go forth and multiply†, the narrator also held up a placard that said â€Å"= MAKE BABIES†, a nother attempt at humor and also translating the Biblical language to make sure the audience could comprehend and follow the story. Critically, I believe we employed the Brechtian techniques well, but there is still a lot of room for improvement. We used self-referencing – both the narrator and God gave stage directions. The narrator also, whilst speaking to the audience, did not speak as herself – instead, she used â€Å"The narrator enters stage right and proceeds to tell the audience that this story is going to be about the issue of safe sex.† This use of third person is jarring and effective. God also gave directions to turn the lights on and off, which made the â€Å"theatre† of our piece evident. However, there were a lot of opportunities to use more Brechtian techniques, but we didn’t. I feel our use of juxtaposition wasn’t particularly strong – we could have used a contradicting type of music when Adam and Even were behind the curtains and throwing the clothes out instead of using the music we chose, which fit with the scene instead of contrasting it. Also, we only used â€Å"frozen images†, and not gestus – Adam and Eve froze whenever God and Satan entered, but it couldn’t be called a representation or summary of all the feelings and emotions depicted in the scene. Personally,I do not think my portrayal of Satan was up to its full potential. I didn’t really use any Brechtian techniques in my role, and my wearing the Devil horns seemed to fail as a humorous stereotypical presentation of Satan. I also think the narrator might’ve given herself more stage directions at times to create an even more jarring and comical effect. For example, â€Å"The narrator says the end to conclude the story. /pause/ The end.† We did not really have time to try this out though, so it might not be a good idea and is merely what I would’ve wanted to try. I also feel we should’ve tried juxtaposing the â€Å"sex† scene to be more sarcastic and humorous – perhaps with a classic, slow, romantic song, paired with the frantic throwing of the clothes. Again, our lack of organization meant we could not try that out, so it is only another personal goal that I wanted to attempt. I wish to have explored more Brechtian techniques, especially in my own role. For example I could’ve used a mask – perhaps a typical Halloween type of mask for a comical, stereotypical presentation. I think we synthesized our content with our form quite successfully. Choosing the Biblical tale of Genesis as the base of our form was a good choice as we favourably parodied God’s commands and the audience could follow the story with ease. This form we chose was effective because it allowed us to employ a variety of Brechtian techniques. The use of physical comedy was also very effective – the audience liked it and it was a sarcastic and humorous symbolism when Adam and Eve went behind the curtains. The use of the banana as a symbol was also very popular and the audience liked it. These uses of physical comedy were effective because we allowed the audience to piece things together and realize the joke, thus making it more amusing for them. The use of the narrator’s third person was also very well executed as it jarred the audience – they were not used to this and it made â€Å"theatre† more evident. Adam and Eve also spoke in colloquial language, p arodying the sophisticated Biblical text and making it more modernized, relating to the targeted audience. Overall the audience understood and appreciated the message we were trying to bring through, as well as our social improvement, thus I would consider this as well synthesized. Our group did not use any cross cutting, which I think is a very effective Brechtian technique. For example, for Tanisha’s group, whose social issue was the modern attitude to obesity, the use of cross cutting was executed very well. When Chloe was giving statistics about obesity and discussing facts about â€Å"Tanya†, Tanisha was at the background eating her Doritos. With this, we understand more easily what Chloe was saying – it was like she was describing the Tanisha at the back. This also provided a lot of comedy and the audience laughed a lot. It could still be an example of juxtaposition and contrast, where Chloe was talking about how Tanya’s condition was very fatal and she must be helped immediately, whilst Tanya was at the back just eating and eating. I also really like the use of the â€Å"original song† in the Gay Marriage group, and feel like we could have employed that technique too. YMCA is a song we, the audience, all know, and changing the lyrics to fit their own message was very successful. It was effective because we understood right away that they were gay and supported gay rights, and it was also very amusing as the lyrics to our well-known song are not changed in such a way. More comedy was created by their stylized acting – Georgia, Amalissa and Charlotte were so serious when singing the song, like it was an anthem and such – which made it more humorous for us. The use of making up your own lyrics to a well-known tune is, I feel, a very effective Brechtian technique, as the audience would easily understand and would also find it very funny. The â€Å"power relationships† demonstrated in Cora’s group was also something I would’ve wanted to use. Their social issue was bullying, and the bullies stood on chairs and towered over â€Å"Cinderella†, who was backed up against the wall. This is a very famous and popular Brechtian technique in demonstrating power – and I find this very effective. This explicit exaggeration of statuses makes the audience question the otherwise â€Å"normal† relationship. We’ve become so used to bullying that we know it’s wrong, yet we never really question the immorality of it or how to stop it anymore. Having the bullies stand on chairs and Cinderella cowering in fear was like a â€Å"wake-up call† – we see the power relationship and we see how wrong it is. Hence this was an effective way to get the social improvement across to the audience. Lastly, I really liked how Tanisha’s group â€Å"broke the fourth wall†. When the two contestants introduced themselves, we were given instructions to clap and give a round of applause. This made the â€Å"theatre† of the piece very evident – the audience is actually joining in and somehow â€Å"taking part† in the performance – we provided the applause. This technique is very effective because it jars the audience and makes them realize they are watching a piece of theatre. I would like to perhaps take this even further and try to ask questions and demand answers from the audience. This penetrates the fourth wall strongly and having the audience participate in such a way is very effective in making â€Å"theatre† obvious. This will make the audience think about the social issue more – the piece of theatre was not merely something you went to watch and got absorbed in, but rather, a representation of reality. I believe this is a n extremely effective Brechtian technique.

Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Learning Theories - Essay Example Behaviorism is an important approach in educating younger students. Young learners may sometimes be unmanageable especially when they are left on their own (Casas, 2011). In teaching, behaviorists usually lay down the rules to the students at the beginning of the year. This helps to avoid misbehavior. Teachers also use positive and negative reinforcements to affect students’ behavior. As such, it is imperative for teachers to know their students’ behavior and plan out reinforcements to influence negative behaviors and make them positive. Rewards that are meaningful to the students should be in place to strengthen positive behaviors, and rules must be set at the very start to avoid negative behaviors. Classroom management is one aspect that a behaviorist teacher focuses on. Students have different personalities but when they come to school, they act in uniformity according to the policies and regulations set by the school and its teachers. Establishing classroom rules is thus the first step to a well-managed classroom. Teachers should make it a point to establish rules at the beginning of the year and have them posted. In particular, classroom rules may be memorized by students and recited as part of routines. Rules may be posted on the bulletin board to remind students of their responsibility. In terms of assignments, it is best to make contracts for parents or guardians to sign. There should be an assignment notebook where students will write all their assignments. The teacher signs the assignment page, whether it was completed or not, and students will ask their parents to countersign the page so as to monitor students’ effort in doing their assignments. ... Rules may be posted on the bulletin board to remind students of their responsibility. In terms of assignments, it is best to make contracts for parents or guardians to sign. There should be an assignment notebook where students will write all their assignments. The teacher signs the assignment page, whether it was completed or not, and students will ask their parents to countersign the page so as to monitor students’ effort in doing their assignments. Practicing routines is another beneficial aspect of the behaviorist classroom. Routines help to make students become organized individuals. Students who learn routines in school will learn to keep a routine at home and eventually, in their professional field. With routines, performance and processes will be perfected. As part of everyday routine, students should greet the teacher and their classmates, check attendance by counting off (each should be assigned a class number), recite classroom rules, and report current news. The re porting of current events should be done in turns, based on the class number. These routine activities are supposed to prepare students for the day ahead, and to condition them to behave the way they should in school. Setting the mood of students is a must in the behaviorist classroom. In every lesson, the teacher should always give students some idea on what to expect for the day. This gets the students in the mood for activities, games, etc. For example, if the teacher says, â€Å"Today, we will play a game.† The students will know how to behave or react, and they will respond accordingly to the situation. If some serious activities need to be accomplished, then the teacher could say, â€Å"Have you made a Diorama? Today, I will teach you how to

Forecasting Crude Oil (Spot Price) Volatility Dissertation

Forecasting Crude Oil (Spot Price) Volatility - Dissertation Example Daily prices for crude oils are effective in volatility forecasting. 17 It was also imperative to use the two cluster analysis in the paper. 17 In the case of GARCH to obtain the unknowns the formula was applied where the initial value Xk was taken to be 25.56 where a= 0.001 (fixed) 17 b= 0.00 18 c= 0.00 18 In using the same formula the values for a, b and c were P-GARCH established to be 18 a= 0.001(fixed) 18 b= 0.394 18 c= 0.050 18 Xk= 25.56 18 For GARCH GJR, the values were found to be 18 a=0.001 (fixed) 18 b= 0.488 18 c= 0.110 18 Xk= 25.56 18 for E GARCH a=0.001 (fixed) 18 b= 0.488 18 c= 0.11 18 From the findings captured in the spread sheet, we can derive various important factors about the GARCH family models and answer important questions arising from the same. These are 19 The data should be within range in order to get rid of outlier values.The data is reliable since the projection/ forecasted values are within limit. There are no outlier values as a result of projection. 19 The null hypothesis – Garch models predict uniformly 19 Alternative hypothesis- GARCH models predictions differ. Based on the results, it is clear that there exists variations among the four models. Thus it is rational to conclude that the alternative hypothesis holds. 19 The best model should be as closer to the baseline as possible. GARCH is a replica of the baseline and hence cannot be taken to be the best.Of the four GJR GARCH varies the least from the baseline hence is the best. 19 EGARCH has the largest variation from the baseline hence is the worst. 19 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 APPENDICES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 METHODOLOGY AND DATA Introduction Volatility is a concept that refers to the spread of all possible outcomes within an uncertain variable. Finance discipline has various unc ertain variables such as prices of products, returns on assets, and share prices amongst others (Olowe, 2010). Modeling and forecasting of volatility have been attributed to increasing uncertainty in financial aspects and components (Day & Lewis, 1993). Oil price fluctuations in the global arena experience significant uncertainties thereby invoking interests amongst financial and market participants (Kang, Kang, & Yoon, 2009). The main reasons explaining such significant interest include the fact that oil price fluctuations affect decision making process for both producers and consumers in addition to investors’ decisions. Whereas oil price fluctuations affect strategic planning and appraisal of projects for producers and consumers, investors continue to face challenges in investment, allocation of portfolios, and management of risks decisions (Campbell, Lo, & MacKinlay, 1997). Policy and decision making within the oil markets require accurate forecasting of the crude oil pri ces (Olowe, 2010). Attaining accurate and adequate forecasting require adequate and accurate data. In most cases, daily prices of crude oil are used to predict or forecast volatility (uncertainty) for purposes of developing effective policies and decision making processes (Campbell, Lo, & MacKinlay, 1997). Forecasting volatility of crude oil prices have been done for a

Managing people for a competitive advantage Assignment

Managing people for a competitive advantage - Assignment Example 2. The role of the first line supervisor or manager in an organization is based on the concept of supervision. The main duties are defined by overlooking the employees that are working in specific teams as well as with different projects. However, the role of the first line manager continues with specific concepts of leadership and teamwork. For a manager to be completely effective there has to be insight into what is occurring within an organization. From this point, there is the need to establish insight that allows the first line manager to connect to different employees and establish relationships while guiding the individuals forward with the projects that are occurring. The management can then combine this with coordination, team building and guidance that enhance the business and allow employees to have a specific environment (Hales, 471). 3. The individuals responsible for ensuring HR policies and practices in an organization begin with the leaders and managers in the organiz ation. The higher level management is responsible for understanding what the vision is of the organization as well as how different human resources in the organization can be used. ... This has to be done not only for the managers that have to take a leadership position but also consists of providing information to employees. The more in which the information can be given, the easier it is for the organization to enhance their performance (Roehling et al, 207). 4. Every individual is responsible for performance in the organization. The individual employees are first responsible for their own performance, specifically by understanding the vision and mission of the organization as well as how their job is defined by these details. As an employee understands the requirements for the organization that they work for, they will be able to become a human asset within the organization. However, for this to work, managers and leaders that are responsible for employees and teams are required to communicate the responsibilities of the individual. This is dependent on the expectations of the organization as well as the understanding of specific duties. The managers have the re sponsibility of taking a leadership role and of creating the correct organizational environment for the employees. The responsibility is furthered by the different departments, such as the HR department. The HR is responsible for creating the policies and conditions that create a sense of responsibility among employees and managers. Without communicating the correct message, there is the inability to get the correct response from those in the departments. This is furthered by the top managers in the organization, which are required to communicate the specific messages of the business. Understanding where the business is supposed to go, the vision and mission of the organization and the responsibilities of the departments and

Self Cleaning Toilet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Cleaning Toilet - Essay Example My target market will include homes and public places where at homes, this product will facilitate old age people, working men and women, and children; and also, this product will be used in schools and colleges, offices, parks, and shopping areas. The main intention before the usage of this product will be the saving of time and energy in using toilets. Since old age people and children are too feeble to clean the toilet after using it and working people and students are also running short of time, hence this product is especially designed for them. Public places also need them since people often do not consider cleaning the toilets themselves properly after using them. Public places need to be hygienically cleaned which this product very efficiently ensures because the cleaning cycle is nearly of forty seconds which includes the flush, the cleaning of bowl and seat, and disinfecting and drying of the floor. My Marketing Approach I would mainly use the brochure marketing approach. M y color brochures will actually be a guide for the readers that would tell them the usefulness of the automated toilets and how they are going to save them time and energy.

Learning Is Business at Nokia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Is Business at Nokia - Case Study Example The 50,000 employee workforce must align their vision to ensure the company succeeds. Nokia Corporation has a great philosophical approach that encourages continuous learning. One method that the company is utilizing which can effectively improve the capabilities and skills of the staff at an accelerate pace is e-learning initiatives. The problem with e-learning initiatives is that they don’t provide the human touch needed at times for the learning experience to feel real. The company should extend its current utilization of project teams to formulate strategic hundreds or even thousands of strategic team units. Every employee should be part of a strategic team unit. Teams should meet for at least one hour a week to discuss company business. A team leader should provide a one to two page summary of the brainstorming performed. The data would then be uploaded into a company intranet to be evaluated by the managerial staff. A systematic problem the company faces is finding an efficient manner to promote the company’s idealistic approach of knowledge sharing. The first step towards creating an environment that fosters this type of learning is for the lines of communication to be completely open between the floor workers and the supervisors. If the employees feel comfortable they will speak out their minds. The human resource staff must interview every single employee in order to learn the best path to achieve a proper professional development path for each employee. Due to the fact that the company has over 50,000 this task might be difficult to achieve. An alternative solution is for the HR staff to prepare collective seminars to reach out employees 100 of them at a time and provide them with an orientation on how to better themselves professionally. Even though Nokia has a clear strategic plan to provide support for learning this does not imply that the company will reap the benefits if does not differentiate between support for

Product management- product portfolio and recommendations Essay

Product management- product portfolio and recommendations - Essay Example Customers can search for a hotel using filters such as the city, airport, address or point of interest. Also, they can state the dates that they would like to visit these hotels. Then, they choose their rates from a drop-down menu. Finally, they click on â€Å"Find a Hotel† button, which generates the results based on the filters (Ayeh 2015). IHG has done a brilliant job with its website. However, most customers today use social media more than search engines and websites to look for information and advice. IHG has a Facebook page with 83,865 likes. However, with a company as large as itself, IHG does not frequently update its Facebook page. For example, its last update was on 8th June in which they talked about their service week. Also, some pieces of information are not relevant to the customer. For instance, the next update after the service week news was on May 7th, in which the company had announced its Q1 Interim Management Statement. Most customers do not care about such information. All they want to know is what services they will get when they visit one of IHG’s hotels (Aluri 2015). The trend seen in Facebook can also be seen on Twitter. One update was made fourteen hours ago, the next on June 12th, June 8th and so on. Although the company does a better job with Twitter than Facebook, it does not appeal to the vanity or ego of the customer. What IHG fails to do consistently is tell its customers what they will experience by visiting the hotels. Moreover, the company does not segment its customers based on the many filters available. For example, IHG boasts its presence in approximately one hundred countries. However, people from one country do not have the same tastes as people from other countries. Therefore, the same marketing methods cannot be used. Moreover, with customers shifting to social media, it is imperative that IHG’s social media pages be segmented based on the geography of

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements Essay

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements - Essay Example Plans that best interest them. Identify their areas if interest- what are their hobbies, talents, dreams, aspirations, as well as ideas of how best to help them. Establish effective communication by incorporating modern technology. The communication channel should not only he seen as formal and vertical but also open and horizontal. Be honest, interactive as much as possible and open to new ideas. Invite feedback, suggestions as well as input into programs. . Use of modern technology not only helps in bridging the age gap but also creates an intimate bond. Incorporate their ideas in implementing changes. Lastly establish a friendly environment based on trust and mutual respect. Involve the adolescent by identifying the progress also the failures if any. Use of incentives. Build in incentives that require self-motivation, skill, and leadership. However since not all adolescents have the same capacity the reward scheme should be tailored according to the different abilities. Discuss in an honest manner, offer advice when needed and offer opportunity and space for growth. Adolescents when encouraged and given a good channel of interaction show much progress and development both mentally and

SWAT analysis about petroulium in the Kingdom of Bahrain Essay - 1

SWAT analysis about petroulium in the Kingdom of Bahrain - Essay Example The Bahrain kingdom has one largest company known as BAPCO (Bahrain Petroleum Company), which is owned by the Bahrain government. BAPCO is an integrated industry, which was instituted, in 1929 by Standard Oil industry. The company involves in oil refining, prospecting, exploration, drilling, production and distribution of gasoline products. It also exports crude oil and refined products as well as sales oil products in the global market. Therefore, the essay focuses on SWOT analysis as an effective tool for analyzing Bahrain petroleum industry, in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The SWOT analysis involves the internal and external factors that may be favorable or unfavorable in an industry. Many companies employ SWOT analysis in order to analyze the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats for the business venture in order to achieve their stated objectives effectively. Bahrain is one of the economies that have been impacted by the economic crisis and the World War II deteriorated the economy. The kingdom also has little petroleum wealth than other economies in the Persian Gulf neighbors. Therefore, employing SWOT analysis will enable Bahrain Petroleum to improve their business activities; thus increasing their competitive advantage in the global market. Strength is the features of the business venture that provides advantages to the business over others. Therefore, assessing the strength of the company will enable it to achieve the set objectives efficiently (Gupta et al. 123). Bahrain Petroleum industry has enabled the Bahrain economy to diversify because of petroleum products, which is the main resource for Bahrain. The company has considerably improved it is performance rate in the recent because of successful diversification initiatives and abundant oil reserve resources. The higher economic diversification is also among the strengths that can enable the BAPCO Company to achieve effective business performance. The company

Human Impacts on the Ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Human Impacts on the Ecosystem Essay The three cycling matters of the ecosystem and the key elements are Carbon, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen. Humans have impacted each and every-one of these cycles in different ways throughout time and keep increasing as time goes on. All living things are made of carbon. Carbon is also in the air, water and rocks. The humans have impacted the Carbon Cycle by releasing a large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is caused by the burning of oil, natural gases and coal. All these release carbon dioxide and other types of water molecules into the air. Phosphorus is a chemical compound found in many different forms like, soil, water and sediments. This is also a nutrient that animals and plants need to be able to grow and produce faster. When it comes to phosphorus, these types of fertilizers are then used to grow crops, feed their animals and many more. As time has passed humans have increased the amount of phosphorus which has been reaching the ocean. This has caused water pollution problems that have caused fishes to die, the overgrowth of algae and so much bacteria. When we take a deep breathe most of the air that we inhale is nitrogen. Most plants need nitrogen to survive. We normally get our nitrogen from soil. Many agricultural crops like; peas, beans, alfalfa, etc. grab a lot of nitrogen from the air that can cause fixation on land. There’s other agricultural crops that use mostly fertilizers instead of nitrogen like; corn, wheat, potatoes, cotton, etc. Humans have impacted and altered the amount of nitrogen from making fertilizers and burning fossil fuels and keep increasing as time goes on. These activities have increased the amount of nitrogen between the living world and the soil, water and atmosphere.

Preschool Teacher Hiring Standards, Policies, and Practices Essay Example for Free

Preschool Teacher Hiring Standards, Policies, and Practices Essay The early years of children are important because of their unique developmental needs (physical, cognitive, social and emotional). These needs can only be identified and addressed by professionally trained and competent preschool or early childhood teachers. However, attracting and hiring these teachers are serious challenges for school administrators. To look more closely into the problem and help craft a solution, this paper examined the current standards, policies, and practices in hiring preschool teachers in public and private schools in Pasig City based on the recommended hiring standards, policies, and practices in the literature, DepEd, and experts. The study suggests appropriate standards, policies, and practices in hiring teachers that will ensure that children’s unique developmental needs are met and that they shall have gained readiness to proceed to the next educational level. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Background of the Study Children who undergo preschool education perform better in primary grades (grade 1-3) than those who do not (Branscombe, Castle, Dorsey, Surbeck, and Taylor 2000; Jalongo, Fennimore, Pattnaik, Laverick, Brewster, and Mutuku 2004; Laosa 2005; Soliven, Guerrero, Barsaga, Palma, Canlas, and Garon 1997). Mutuku. By the time they enter elementary school, they can say the alphabet, write their names, and count numbers one to ten. They adjust better, follow instructions, and interact with their teachers and classmates. Because of thparents realize the benefits in the early schooling of children, preschool student enrollment has been growing in number, which encouraginges a number of investors to set up preschools. Preschool education is mostly managed by private individuals, organizations, and institutions because of insufficient government funding for the enhancement of preschool education (Neri 2001; Soliven et al. 1997). According to the Department of Education (DepEd), tis, there has been an unprecedented growth in the number of preschools both in rural and urban areas in the private sector. The latest directory of private preschools in Metro Manila from the Department of Education (DepEd) shows that there are 1,477 preschools all over the National Capital Region during the school year 2005-2006, and 872 preschools during the school year 2000-2001; thus, there was an increase of 575 preschools. (see table 1). (See Table 1)(See Table 1) he number latest of private schools in Metro Manila grew from 4,788 in school year 2003-2004 to 6664 in the school year 2007-2008, a 72% showing increase. from school year 2000-2001 to school year 2005-2006 (see table 1). Preschool enrollment in private schools rose from 349,574 in school year 2003-2004 to 410,778 in school year 2007-2008, an 85% increase. Many see preschool education as a profitable business, but one that entails high costs if one is to meet certain standards, such as hiring qualified and licensed teachers and paying higher salaries. Quality education also means better teacher-to-student ratio (the ideal is 1:10 or 1:15), a developmentally appropriate curriculum, and quality teaching materials—all of which translate to higher costs. Ms. Vanessa Morales, owner and administrator of Kid’s First Discovery Space preschool in BF Homes, Paranaque, wanted her preschool to be different from preschools run by business people. Her priority is providing quality education on a not-for-profit basis. At Kid’s First, she has knowledgeable and experienced teachers: all her head teachers have master’s degrees in Education or Psychology, major in child development (Manuzon 2006). Due to the growing number of private preschools in Metro Manila, there will be a great demand for preschool teachers who are professionally trained to manage the learning needs of young children. To ensure that For this purposeteachers hired are qualified and competent, , DepEd issued DECS Order No. 107 (1989) outlining the standards in the organization and operation of preschools (see appendix A), which include guidelines on staff requirements. The qualifications of teachers prescribed by DepEd for private schools are: Bachelor of Science degree specializing in Family Life and Child Development or Early Childhood Education or Kindergarten; Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education with 18 units in Preschool Education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes; Bachelor of Arts/Science degree in a discipline allied to education, arts, nursing, anthropology, with 18 units of preschool education. Upon appointment, the teacher should have at least 6 units of preschool education, and the requirement of 18 units may be gradually implemented as follows: At the end of Year 1 9 units; Year 2 12 units; Year 3 15 units; Year 4 18 units. In addition, the sprouting of private preschools are also due to the following: 1) most private schools do not accept grade one pupils if they have not been through kinder and nursery or preschools; b) they are financially viable and a lucrative business; 2c) public schools cannot accommodate all preschool-age children and so parents put them in private preschools; 3e) there is a growing number of preschool student enrollment; 4f) because of the child sduring their early years, 5the Department of Education (DepEd) is not as strict with preschools as with regular grade and high schools; or, 6g) parents are both working and the mother is too busy to give her children their first lessons. 7have become a (Newman 2002). The Due to the mushrooming of preschools grew asthat have been set up forcommercial, business reasons, especially in urban centers, and the government’s insufficient funding towards the enhancement of preschool education, the desired goal of standard quality educati on for young children may not be achieved. This vast, mushrooming, unregulated and still unsurveyed sector maybe violating the right of young children to quality education. Due to the absence of control or regulation, these schools would have unqualified teachers, large classes, and less infrastructure facilities (Newman 2002). Ms. Irene Bernardo, whosingle and now retiredSomeone who prefers to be anony from preschool teaching setismous and who’s up a preschool in her own home after retiring from teaching, stated that some preschool teachers are business or psychology graduates, business or psychology graduates, not education graduates, but business or psychology graduates.. In her case, she has a Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education, magna cum laude, from the Philippine Normal College, ManilaUP, Diliman. For her, it is important for preschool teachers to have a background in education, especially in early childhood development education, which involves a substantial study of the- the psychomotor, affective, psychosocial and cognitive foundations of the childI. Bernardo, m), which will have bearing on the development of the child. which will determine how and what he will be when he grows up. The preschool teacher should also acquire skills and training in educating young children, them. From agesold . (. http://www. sunstar. com. ph/static/ceb/2002/06/13/life/the. mushrooming. of. preschools. html) | | DepEd also issued DECS Form GPR 3-A (revised 2005) to serve as a processing sheet for proposals for opening of new school (see appendix B). It limits the teaching staff requirements for preschool teachers to a Bachelor in Early Childhood Education (BECED); or Bachelor in Elementary Education (BEEd) with 18 units of Early Childhood Education. In public schools, student enrollment grows by 300,000 yearly, and some 10,000 teachers are needed to be hired every year to address the lack of manpower. Out of the 10,000 teachers recommended for hiring annually, 2,500 are intended for government preschools. The hiring of more teachers is needed because President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has issued an order requiring preschool education nationwide by 2010. (News Balita, January 13, 2006). In preparation for the launching of preschool education in public schools, DepEd business peoplebut . Theireesbetter teacherstudent, she not onlyes but also s: a. Furthermore,havesan degree P. Last August 24, 2007, DepEd issued Order No. 57 on August 24, 2007, laying down or the â€Å"Guidelines on Hiring and Deployment of Preschool Teachers† was issued as additional guidelines forin the selection and deployment of public preschool teachers (see appendix CB). Based on the guidelines, a preschool teacher applicant must must pass the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) to be eligibleconsidered for teaching. Preschool teachers in order to teach should take the LET for elementary teachers. There is no LET yet yet in specific to preschool teachers; prospective preschool teachers take the LET for elementary teachers. , while there is LET specific to secondary or high school teachers. According to Dr. Rogelio Baybayon, Assistant Superintendent of the Pasig Division office of DepEd, the requirements of the LET and the 21 early childhood education (ECE) units (instead of 18 ECE units) d et al. When I telephoned the Pasig DDivision of public schools to inquire on their policies regarding preschool education, and was able to talk to Dr.Rogelio Baybayuin, the officer-in-charge of preschool education,he said that they do not have preschool programseducation like nursery and prep, and what they have is onlythey only have kindergarten level which is being offered by very few public schools. They do not accept 4 year olds, only 5 year olds for kindergarten, and the 6 year olds are automatically Grade 1 even without going through the kindergarten level or preschool education. Since preschool educations is not yet part of the public school educational ladder. The , unlike the elementary and secondary education, it is mostly in the hands of private individual, organizations and institutions, which are operating without proper government regulations see guidelinescoveringsguidelinesthe renewal of toany administrators when they have been found to v some rules Neri (2001) disclosed a. s Based on the DECS Order No. 107, s.1989 or the Standards for the Organization and Operation of Preschools (Kindergarten Level), the required qualifications for preschool teachers are the following: (1) Bachelor of Science Degree with specialization in family life and child development of early childhood education or kindergarten; (2) BS Degree in Elementary education with 18 units in preschools education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes; and (3) Bachelor of Arts or BS degree in a discipline allied to education, arts, nursing, anthropology with 18 units of preschool education (Industry Briefs, October 2001). The job requirements based on the DepEd qualificationss for for preschool teachers are also now being enforced for private schoolsteachers.to be able to teach in preschools. s do not include the licensing or certification, of preschool teachers. However, DepEd sare encouraged requires all public school teachers to undergo the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). .He revealed that there are some private schools which cannot follow these requirements and DepEd is forced to withhold their permit to operate. In any case, even if He also said that the LET for elementary teachers is for general education, and preschool teachers may take it. tTo qualify to teach For the 21 ECE units requirement, Philippine Normal University (PNU) is their reference. ,(pers. com. Dr. R. Baybayon, February 28, 2008). In the recent LET given by the Board of Professional Teachers on September 28, 2008 and conducted in 19 testing centers all over the Philippines, only 17,816 out of 58,471 elementary teacher examineesthere were who passed itThere were o,3who the examination (The Professional Regulation Commission, March 10, 2009). This meansmMan estimated that only 302933% of the examinees are qualified to teach, and are difficulty in the hiring of qualified preschool teachers, mo913,45,56eligible for hiringto hire. Table 2. National Percentage of Passing in the LET | |Teacher-Elementary |Teacher-Secondary | |Year |No. of Examinees |No. of Successful |Percentage of |No. of Examinees |No. of Successful |Percentage of | | | |Examinees |Passing | |Examinees |Passing | |2002 |76,626 |27,060 |35. 32% |65,106 |23,772 |36. 52% | |2003 |75,348 |19,765 |26. 25% |68,992 |18,115 |26. 25% | |2004 |60,614 |16,297 |26. 89% |58,507 |15,860 |27. 11% | |2005 |67,333 |18,517 |27. 50% |61,576 |15,945 |25. 90% | |2006 |59,457 | 17,377 | 29. 23% |53,303 | 17,290 |32. 44% | Former senatorSource: Professional Regulation Commission Licensing of teachers in the private preschools are also being encouraged by the DepEd, an example is the Pasig Catholic College, where their preschool teachers are graduates of early childhood education and are LET passers. The prospect of hiring teachers without credentials may be rampant because of the recent result of the LET. There were few teachers who passed the LET given by the Board of Professional Teachers on August 27, 2006 in 18 testing centers all over the Philippines. It showed that there were only 17,277 elementary public school teachers out of the 59,457 examinees who successfully passed. (Manila Standard Today, October 10, 2006). This is an estimated 33% who are qualified to teach in the public elementary schools and these may not be enough considering the growing number of student enrollment in public elementary schools which accounts to 12,089,365 based on Basic Education Statistics (BES) SY2004-2005. In view of the above, howHow can both private and public schools get teachers who can meet the minimum requirements for teaching in preschools and how can the DepEd ensure that only well-qualified, licensed preschool teachers educators are being hired and will be available in every preschool classroom.? How does the private and public schools cope with the supply and demand of qualified preschool teachers? Student enrollment is increasing and there are not enough qualified teachers to teacher these students. What other options can the government doy take in addressing hiring teachers without credentials? How can the preschoolsy tap sources of potential preschool teachers? has the government . annually . whomis afigure Trequiring nationwide. The combined public and private preschool enrollment increased from 2003 to 2007, from 778, 550831,730 (18. 36%) in school year 2003-2004 to 999,59652,109 (20. 53%) in school year 20076-20087; or 221120,046379 school children were added to the system. More than half of these children (588,81857, 220) were with DepEd’s preschool program in school year 2007-2008 (DepEd Updates, March 22, 20097). Mrs. Mariquita de Guzman, Assistant Principal of San Miguel Elementary School, said that their school has four preschool teachers for their 132 kindergarten students with a teacher to student ratio of 1:48. Miss Letty Flores, preschool teacher of Maybunga Elementary School, said that their school has two preschool teachers for the 90 kindergarten students with a teacher to student ratio of 1:45. All of their preschool teachers were volunteers from the elementary level who have a degree in elementary education (pers. com. Mrs. M. de Guzman and Ms. L. Flores, April 15, 2009). In some private preschools, principals wait until the enrollment has begun before they decide to hire teachers. As a result, teachers hired are not qualified. only a few qualified teachers are available and teacher to student ratio becomes to 1:50 (pers. com. Mrs. Susan Garcia, April 16, 2009). ). To address the teacher shortage in the public schools (including preschools), Education Secretary Jesli Lapus announced that 16,390 new teachers would be hired for the year 2007. (The Manila Times, June 4, 2007). lat thsover This e concern for the hiring of preschool teachers will create more pressuresnot likely abate in the near future because the pressures on that strain the local supply and ddemand for and supply ofof qualified teachers. With the increase in becausewill increase more and more private individuals and institutions will are venturinging into the preschool business education, and the institutionalization of preschool education by 2010, that will require more qualified preschool teachers will be requiredto support DepEd’s effort in institutionalizing preschool education.. . Human capital is the most important resource of any service organization, and the teacher is the most important capital in the educational setting. There are many nonhuman resources that are needed in the schools such as classrooms, computers, and textbooks, but these resources are dependent on competent teachers who will put them into good use. The preschool is a labor-intensive operation where the teacher’s knowledge, skills, abilities, stamina, values, and passion must be carefully managed to achieve its learning objectives (Hearron and Hildebrand 2003). However, in order to achieve its learning objectives, they should hire teachers who possess proper qualifications who can provide learning opportunities that will bring out the best in their students. epartment of ducation, ulture and ports (DECS)A major task of the artment of ucation (DepEd)school administrator is faculty hiring and selecting qualified and committed teachers is a more critical task considering the scarcity of qualified applicants. Teacher qualifications remains to be an issue and with the recent results of the Licensure Examination for Teachers given by the Board of Professional Teachers on August 27, 2006 in 18 testing centers all over the Philippines, there were only 17,277 elementary public school teachers out of 59,457 examinees who successfully passed. (Manila Standard Today, October 10, 2006). This is an estimated 33% who are qualified to teach in the public elementary schools and there may not be enough considering there the growing growing student enrollment in public elementary schools which accounts to 12,089,365 based on Basic Education Statistics (BES) SY2004-2005. However, in the private preschools but they should meet the minimum required in order to the desired qualifications which is:,need to prepare job descriptions that state the criteria like the applicant â€Å"(1) Bachelor of Science Degree with specialization in family life and child development of early childhood education or kindergarten; (2) BS Degree in Elementary education with 18 units in preschools education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes; (3) Bachelor of Arts or BS degree in discipline allied to education, arts, nursing, anthropology with 18 units of preschool education† (Industry Briefs, October 2001). Hiring the right faculty is building the future. It is essential that utmost care and attention be given to hiring standards and policies and that execution be done with creativity and patience, since the hiring process is tedious and time-consuming, thus there should be no shortcuts. As the philosopher Spinoza observed at the end of his great work, The Ethics, â€Å"†¦all things worthwhile are difficult as they are rare† (A Re-Examination of Faculty Hiring Processes and Procedures, Academic Senate for California Community Colleges, Adopted Fall 2000). The term â€Å"faculty† is defined as a branch of teaching or learning in an educational institution; something in which one is trained or qualified; the members of a profession; or the teaching and administrative staff and those members of the administration having the academic rank in an education institution (Merriam Webster 1991). The faculty is composed of all persons appointed for the instruction of students. In a preschool, the faculty or teachers are persons directly involved in handling children. They play a major role in the education of the children since they help in the formation and development of the students especially in their early years. They are responsible for providing environment conducive to learning conditions where children are given opportunities to interact. Thus, the faculty or preschool teachers significantly contribute to humanity and to the nation towards prosperity by providing learning opportunities that will bring out the best in their students. Hiring is engaging the services or labor in exchange for payment (Lexicon Webster 1978. ). Hiring involves the following steps: advertising, recruiting; screening; interviewing; teaching demo, selecting and final interview. Recruitment is defined as establishing a pool of potentially acceptable applicants (Lipham and Heoh, 1974 p. 236). The first step is usually to post (advertise) the job position usually in bulletin boards of universities, professional organizations, advertise in local newspapers and teacher based magazines. Once the school recruitment officer has received the letters of applications, the rest of the hiring process is accomplished. Faculty hiring is the recruitment and selection of teachers for teaching positions. It involves the following steps: advertising, recruiting; screening; interviewing; teaching demo; selecting and final interview. Faculty hiring is a major task of the administrative or leadership group of the school and selecting the right teacher is a more critical task considering the very few qualified applicants to choose from. Administrators need to prepare job descriptions that state the minimum as well as desired qualifications of a preschool teacher, these are: (1) Bachelor of Science Degree with specialization in family life and child development of early childhood education or kindergarten; (2) BS Degree in Elementary education with 18 units in preschools education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes; (3) Bachelor of Arts or BS degree in discipline allied to education, arts, nursing, anthropology with 18 units of preschool education. † (Neri October 2001) â€Å"The teachers we need are immersed in discipline, informed professional inquiry and action that results in raising the bar and closing the gap by engaging all students in learning† (Fullan 2003). The preschool administrator or principal is usually the one in charge of recruiting the right teachers to fill in teaching positions clearly defined and understood by the selectors, i. e. there is a good and clear job description. The competencies to perform the job successfully are explicit, i. e. the job criteria or person specification have been prepared and are known by the selectors. There is a planned provision for the assessment of all the required competencies, i. e.the technical assessment stages have been clearly conceived and scheduled. There is a clear policy on how the final decisions are to be arrived at and the final stage procedure ensures that all of the evidence of earlier stages is accumulated and considered before making a judgment† (Kydd 1997). Although it can be time-consuming, principals must actively recruit good teachers to their schools. They usually do this by: (1) visiting teacher education classes to find promising new teachers; (2) providing practicum to student teachers and later hire the good ones; (3) talking to teachers and other principals to find quality experienced teachers who might be looking for new positions. Hiring policies and practices should be carefully crafted so fairness and equity are reflected to avoid legal complaints in the future. Applicants should be notified whether they were accepted or denied and the reasons why they were not accepted. â€Å"Hiring the right faculty is building the future because teachers play a major role in the education of children; they help in the formation and development of children, some of whom will become future leaders of tomorrow. But the right faculty may not mean hiring having a certification or licensure, but one who has a strong commitment to the care and education of young children. There is no wiser or more enduring investment than in the care and education of young children. worthwhile The Research Problem. DDue to the number mushrooming being put up and the government’s move to institutionalizeeize preschool education by year 2010, in Metro Manila and in the provinces without control or regulation, hiring would is in all probabilitymay be increasingly be intenserampant. DepEd’s hiring guidelines for preschool teachers prescribe only the minimum qualifications;;, but there are no clear-cut guidelines on the screening and hiring process for preschool teachers. these schools tend to hire preschool teachers who are not qualified. There is a need to carefully managed preschools to ensure that the intellectual development and values formation of childrenThus, there is a need forere should be specific and customized procedures for  screening applicants and hiring areistowardforqualified preschool teachers who are trained to address the unique learning and developmental needs of preschoolers. (Berk 2005; Branscombe et al. 2000; Brewer 2004; Essa 2003; Estes 2004; Machado and Meyer-Botnarescue 2001). However, Taguiwalo (2005) reported that recruitment is the number one weakness of the Philippine basic education. and eEvery year for the past five years, public schools recruited around 10,000 to 15,000 teachers from a pool of 100,000 new graduates. ,Yet the schools do not always get the best qualified teachers, as evidenced by the poor student achievement test results. they Results of the National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) in SY 2005-2006 reflected that only 29 percent or 38 of 131 competencies/skills were demonstrated by children. The problem of poor quality of education has been traced to a number of factors which include lack of teacher competencies and poor manpower planning (UNESCO and National Statistical Coordination Board 2009). How can DepEd ensure that only qualified and competent preschool teachers will handle every preschool class? HHoH will be assured hiring of professionally well prepared preschool teachers who are committed to caring and educating young children.. Preschool teacher hiring will not be easy considering the scarcity of qualified teachers. ow then can then school administrators ensure that they that they hire qualified and competent preschool teachers who can How can they tap available sources of prospective preschool teachers present? To seek answerss to the research problem, se questions, â€Å"The government, through the Department of Education (DepED), should come up with clear-cut policies on the operation of these schools offering pre-school education to children aged three to six years old,† Chipeco added. (http://www. congress. gov. ph/press/details. php? pressid=931) DepEd should also develop measures seeking not only to regulate and oversee the pre-schools, but also to develop preschool teachers hiring guidelines. DepEd should conduct investigation and close down preschools that do not use the guidelines. thus early childhood education is regarded as their top priority. â€Å"Childhood should be carefully defined in all nations as a highly distinct period of human growth and development that deserves careful educational, social, and political attention and intervention. † (Jalongo, et al 2004) However, Nolido (2006) said . While the government is not yet capable of putting preschool education in the educational ladder, we would like to expand it to reach more five year-old kids particularly in the depressed areas of the country. .. Jalongo, et al 2004et al, page 23number Educational prog for the world’s youngest citizen teachers who are ,m ? Will there be enough preschool teachers who will teach this growing number of student enrollmentissues in the Philippine basic and (LET) (NAT) private preschools hire applicantsare not education graduates or licensed? private . To seek answers to these questions, I will e researcheris Another issue which is very timely is the campaign of the Department of Education to institutionalize preschool education in public schools. Nolido said preschool education is not yet part of the educational ladder. Institutionalizing it requires a huge budget to the basic education system. â€Å"While the government is not yet capable of putting preschool education in the educational ladder, we would like to expand its coverage to reach more five year-old kids particularly in the depressed areas of the country,† Nolido said. and also the current issues in the Philippine educational systemthe Thus the objective of thisresearch willof the study revieweds and compareds the currentGrowing demand for preschool teacher applicants can be attested to the increasing number of student enrollments and the mushrooming of preschools in the metropolis. Drive along any neighborhood and you will likely pass by one, whether it is a small home-based play school or a more structured organization in a bigger edifice. The latest directory of private preschools in Metro Manila from the Department of Education shows that there are (872) preschools all over the capital region alone. Of this total, (217) are exclusively preschools only, defined here as catering to either the one-year-old to 6-year-old age bracket or the kindergarten level which may also include levels preparatory to kindergarten (e. g. nursery, etc. The remaining (55) schools offer elementary education up to 6th grade, in addition to the preschool curriculum. Quezon City has the most number of preschools with 275, followed by Manila with 112. Proximity to residence is criterion parents often consider when choosing schools for their children, however there are many other factors to bear in mind in deciding which school is best† (Neri 2001). Public and private preschools resort to hiring teachers to fill in the demand for teaching positions. The Department of Education has recommended guidelines for hiring preschool teachers, which the public preschools should implement while the private preschools are encouraged to use. Thus, the main research problem of this study is to compare standards, policies, and practices (SPPs) in hiring preschool teachers in preschool andpublic schools with those of privateprivate schools in Pasig City ,and , then compareds each group’s SPPs with offering preschool education with the standards, policies and practices in hiring teachers in private preschools in Pasig City the recommended SPPs in hiring preschool teachers based on related literature, DepEd requirements, and the views of experts on preschools. point out the gaps or discrepancies between the mandated and actual faculty hiring standards, policies and practices of public and private preschools in Pasig City. Secondly, I would like to understand the nature and causes of the gaps, and thirdly, I would like to understand why such gaps have been permitted to exist until the present. Purposess of the Study create awareness among the policymakers, DepEd officials, private preschool owners, and preschool principals The purpose of the study soughtoughtis to (1) investigate the SPPstandards in for hiring preschool teachers in selected public and private schools in Pasig City; (2)and pinpoint commonalities and differences in their current hiring SPPs; and, (3) find out how they measure up to what is recommended in the scientific literature, at DepEd, and by experts. Thus, this study has drawn upwilldetermine whether standards are in line with preschool learning capabilities and requirement for primary grades. s appropriate hiring SPPs for both public and private preschools that can serve ases benchmarks for hiring preschool teachers to ensure that the goal of getting the best qualified preschool teachers is met. Theensure that both public and private schools offering preschool education in Pasig City are able to hire the most qualified and competent preschool teachers and that ensure that there are standards, policies and practices in hiring preschool teachers in public and private schools in Pasig City. is that they together withmajority if not alleto review and reexamine their preschool teaching hiring standards, policies and practices. This assist in the hiring of preschool teacherswill enfrom a wider market and whose qualifications meet the preschool learning competencies. Research Questions In order to answer the research problem, the following research questions were looked intoarewere: †¢ What are the recommended faculty hiring SPPsstandards, policies, and practices for preschool teachers based on related literature, DepEd guidelines, and the views of experts and administrators? †¢ What are the reported and/or actual hiring SPPsfaculty hiring standards, policies, and practices for preschool teachers in both of public and private schools in Pasig City offering ECE? †¢ How do the reported and/or actual faculty hiring SPPstandards, policies.

Leadership in healthcare

Leadership in healthcare Student Number: 3226029 AHP_6_011 Leadership for Allied Health Professionals At the opening ceremony of the Singapore Healthcare Management Congress 2013, Singapore Health Minister Gan Kim Yong said that strong management capabilities and leadership quality in the healthcare sector are extremely crucial to lead the growing healthcare needs of an ageing population, constant threat of global pandemics and rising non-communicable diseases. There is a need to constantly innovate and find ways to keep the population healthy and deliver the healthcare services more effectively (Gan, 2013). â€Å"One of the things that a leader needs to learn is that the traditional models of leading change are not very effective.† (Kent, 2014). The context for healthcare is changing due to changing expectations, changing disease profile and greater emphasis on ‘predict and prevent’ (Hartley, et al., 2008). Definition of Leadership Leadership in healthcare can be viewed in many different ways. Clinical leadership can come from hands-on care, from maintaining clinical expertise and may sometimes be separated from management with the goal of leading staff through transformational change to develop better services for the local community (Bishop, 2009). In the recent years, leadership is seen as something to be used by all but at different levels (National Leadership Council (NLC) Clinical Leadership workstream, 2011). It can be described to be a team effort (The Kings Fund, 2012) or also known as â€Å"sharedness† of leadership processes (Wang, et al., 2013) in an organisation. Shared leadership is displayed in terms of mutual influence, shared responsibility among the staff and leading each other towards the goal achievements. Shared leadership expands the extent of leader prototypicality (Wang, et al., 2013) as team members are given a chance to take on decision-making process and leadership role. â€Å"Gone is the heroic individual with a monopoly on the vision; it is replaced by a commitment to building shared visions with a range of stakeholders.† (The Kings Fund, 2012). Wang, et al., (2013) divided shared leadership into 3 categories which are shared traditional leadership, shared new-genre leadership and cumulative, overall shared leadership. The subgroups on the types of leadership under each category such as transactional, visionary and transformational leadership can be seen in Appendix A. Shared traditional leadership is where the leader uses methods such as contingent rewards towards staff to achieve team goals and satisfy staff’s needs (Wang, et al., 2013). Shared new-genre leadership emphasizes transformational, visionary and charismatic leadership which empowers the staff towards development and change (Wang, et al., 2013). Cumulative, overall shared leadership is displayed within the team level, in which each individual team member demonstrate a degree of leadership. Importance of leadership Leadership is important as it can determine the functionality of a basic team unit as it strongly influences key team processes. It can determine and clarify the objectives of the team, giving the team a clear view on the goals and the pathways to take to achieve the goals (Hartley, et al., 2008) such as improving patient experience and outcome (NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2011). Having leadership can encourage participation from the staff, allowing the staff to contribute and pool great ideas, supporting innovation in the team. It also enhances the commitment to quality, as having a leader ensures primary quality objectives are met in the day to day workings within the staff (Hartley, et al., 2008). Guidance to the changes in the healthcare in many aspects There are many aspects of healthcare that are constantly changing such as new techniques and technologies in healthcare. As such, there is a constant need to find new ways of working within and across teams, and with patients (Hartley, et al., 2008). Therefore, strong leadership that support a vision for change with a clear articulation of what needs to be achieved, by whom and with what, would likely to succeed in healthcare organisations (Gifford, et al., 2013). Leadership is also crucial when it comes to finding new approaches to continuous improvement which rely a lot on ‘people management’ (Hartley, et al., 2008). Bishop, (2009, p. 83) stated that leadership in Allied Health is no longer just about ‘managing’ the service and being a ‘therapy lead’, it is about leading the staff and the service to a new position. To achieve this, clinical leaders such as nurse educators, clinical nurse specialist and practice developers are to influence research use through their roles in mentoring, providing information and assisting in the development of policies and procedures to support professional practice (Gifford, et al., 2013). Leaders have to constantly think of methods to support staff so as to make and sustain improvement efforts in order to improve service to the patient. This is important because patient’s expectations have increased as the healthcare industry develops over the years. Future-looking system There are new challenges in healthcare such as the kinds of illnesses or even trends are changing (Hartley, et al., 2008). Leadership is important to anticipate rather than just react to changes in demographic and disease profiles (Hartley, et al., 2008). Leaders have to anticipate the multiple diseases associated with a larger elderly population and chronic diseases due to lifestyle choices such as obesity. For example, the rising numbers of cancer cases in Singapore as reported in The Straits Times (Lai, 2014) was made known to awareness among the public. Networking Gantz, et al., (2012) stated that collective leadership complements healthcare globalisation. They recognised healthcare globalisation as a way to close disparity gaps and improve public health on a global scale through resource and information sharing. There are new health goals where ‘treatment’ is not the only goal now but also ‘predict and prevent’ illnesses for the public health (Hartley, et al., 2008). As such, there are more hospitals that network with each other and disseminate evidence-based practices throughout their regional and local communities (MacPhee, et al., 2013). Therefore, leadership is important to shape these new goals and to ensure that there is a close link between ideas and practice on the front-line and between different partners. Clinical decision making According to Hartley, et al., (2008), leadership clarity is associated with better team processes, and with actual innovation – and ambiguity about leadership was associated with low levels of innovation. This corroborates the view of the role of leadership in helping to create compelling direction and ensure participation of team members in decision-making (Hartley, et al., 2008). One of the thing that a leader needs to do is to make good decision based on in-depth understanding of all the constituent parts, all the tradition and cultures that accompany the existing professional structures and values (Bishop, 2009, p. 83). Therefore, it is important for a leader to have good decision-making skill so as to have a smooth efficient workflow and quality service. In Singapore’s healthcare setting, although the decisions made are largely based on the patients’ choice, their family members still exercise significant influence over the level of revelation of prognosis information and final action taken (Foo, et al., 2012). Familial-centred approach is common in Asian setting especially if it involves poor prognosis. As such, a leader in this situation has to consider the various views and make a final decision that gives the best outcomes for the patient and family, even if it means that they have to withhold information about patient’s expected poor clinical outcomes to the patients (Foo, et al., 2012). Good decision-making is achieved based on the good understanding of the culture and tradition of the context. The need for decision-making may arise at any one point while in a clinical setting. For example, the below anecdotal incident (see Appendix B) about clinical decision-making is analysed using Gibb’s reflective cycle (Waugh, 2013) (see Appendix C). The incident is about a disagreement I had with a senior colleague about him deviating from the treatment protocol regarding the verification of the treatment area. I felt frustrated that I was the only one wanting to do the right thing and find a solution despite voicing out my concerns. After the incident, I felt sad and unjust that my colleague was angry at me for refusing to proceed with the treatment. The positive experience was that my decision prevented an incident report and an inaccurate delivery of radiation dose. I stepped out of my comfort zone and voiced out my concerns to the oncologists. Conversely, my long decision-making time resulted in a queue of patients and delayed appointments. According to the Fielder’s contingency model (see Appendix D), I am a task-oriented leader, and the incident calls for a leader with a low Least-Preferred Co-Worker (LPC). As such, I’m a fitting leader for the task as I handled the situation which prevented errors from being made in the treatment. On the whole, I took a long time to make my decision waiting for my colleague to share his opinions, which turned out to be fruitless. Such disagreements can be avoided if there are mutual understanding and better treatment protocol knowledge. I should have sought assistance from the other seniors right away. After the incident, we had a discussion on the treatment protocols, directing more focus on the importance of protocols and the adherence to them should any similar incidents occur in the future. Future leadership Nobody stays stagnant in the workforce. For example, a radiation therapist from North Carolina realised that he needed more leadership skills when he progressed from the treatment aspect to administration and then managing (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2013). The King’s Fund (2012) refers to leadership as a ‘cognitive catalyst’, where the leader’s choice of actions and ideas are focused on as learning points in order to spur learning in the work place by the other team members. In order to change an organisation, leaders need to change themselves first and be open to changes. â€Å"If our leaders grow and help others to grow, our organisation will not only succeed in their changes efforts- they will be an example for other leaders and organisations around the world.† (Kent, 2014). More leaders are required in Singapore because the healthcare service is expanding rapidly so as to cater for the aging population (Bishop, 2009). As such, the Ministry Of Health Singapore has launched a SingHealth Graduate Diploma in Healthcare Management and Leadership programme in Singapore Management University. It aims to groom a new generation of healthcare professionals who excel in both healthcare management and business leadership which is a skill that is high in demand in today’s evolving healthcare industry (Gan, 2013). Additionally, the Ministry Of Healthcare has also provide sponsorships such as the Healthcare Administration Scholarship (HAS) where outstanding scholars will be given opportunities to be developed for top leadership position within the public healthcare sector (MOH Holdings Pte Ltd, 2013). Competency frameworks have also become a widely used approach to thinking about the skills of leadership. For example, the healthcare in UK are using the NHS Leadership Qualities Framework (see Appendix E) (National Leadership Council (NLC) Clinical Leadership workstream, 2011). It sets out the key skills or competencies for leaders in healthcare (Hartley, et al., 2008). Leadership skills are seen to be very important in the healthcare industry worldwide so much so there are many studies and programmes to train future leaders to meet the demands of the ever changing and growing industry. 1

Assessment of Into the Wild Essays -- essays papers

Assessment of Into the Wild Although precisely on target in his assessment of Chris McCandless being "in touch with the bare-bones essence of nature", Gordon Young's preceding description of Chris should be rephrased: A profoundly Un-American figure, uncompromising in his approach and thoroughly optimistic about the future. For Chris McCandless did not set out to show or prove his American character. Neither does he approve or want to exemplify a true modern American character, because true American character does not seek solitude, preferring "the saddle to the streetcar", or "the star-sprinkled sky to a roof", or, especially, "the obscure and difficult trail, leading into the unknown, to any paved highway and the deep place of the wild to the discontent bred by cities", as states Everett Ruess. In fact, in today's world of never-ending comforts and conveniences, nature and "getting away" means setting up a tent in the backyard, or driving our RV to a campground, plugging in the heat, the television, and the cell phone and drinking a beer. Yes, Chris McCandless exemplified what it is to be unconventional, untraditional, nature-loving. What's more important, Chris showed us a particular degree of freedom, what true liberty is about--the freedom not only of the individual, but the freedom of something much higher than that--the freedom of the mind. Freedom from societal restraints of always having to be someone, playing some role. More than anyone, so far, Chris ...

The World Trade Organization Where It’s Been and Where’s It’s Going? Es

The World Trade Organization Where It’s Been and Where’s It’s Going? Even dating back to times of Aristotle there has always been some form of trade and along with trade came rules and regulations. In the time of Aristotle trading took place on a smaller scale and between people much like bartering. In the modern world trade is what makes the world function on a broader and larger scale. We have become globalized as a world and we now are engaged in free trade, among many countries. There still needs to be regulations for each individual country and for trade in general. For the past century the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) has been the one to deal with issues that would arise, between countries. The GATT wrote rules and regulations on things that were acceptable and not acceptable in the trade arena. Then about a decade ago at the Uruguay Round, the GATT was meeting and decided that there needed to be another organization to meet the needs and enforced the articles written by GATT. This is way the World Trade Organization cam e about. The WTO has come under both praise and criticism for the work that they do, these ideas will be further discussed in the pages to come. They have had issues brought to their table that have no doubt been hard, but they must try to please all parties involved using the articles of GATT. Pleasing all parties is impossible since the WTO must follow those regulations, therefore they cannot make all parties content. Today and in future, cases will continue to be brought to their table, where they are expected to give the best response based on the articles, but also on research and past cases. Countries have battled amongst each other as how to solve a problem such as The... ...ppen in the push for globalization and the fight against it. The WTO will have to become stronger players in world markets in order to help things truly progress. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diao, Xinshen, Terry Roe, and Agapi Somwaru. â€Å"Developing Country Interests in Agricultural Reforms Under the World Trade Organization.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v.84, no.3. (August 2003): 782-790. Wallach, Lori. Global Trade Watch. Whose Trade Organization? Public Citizen 1999, 19. Irwin, Douglas. Free Trade Under Fire. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Josling, Tim. â€Å"Key Issues in the World Trade Organization Negotiations on Agriculture.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v.85, no.3. (August 2003): 663-667 Working Group on the WTO/MAI. â€Å"A Citizen’s Guide to the World Trade Organization† (July 1999): 1-28

The Wife of Bath’s Tale and The Clerk’s Tale Essay -- The Canterbury Ta

â€Å"The life so short, the craft so long to learn† (Famous Quotes). The Canterbury Tales is enriched with humanistic merit that allows the reader to sharpen his or her own craft of life. Specifically, â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† and â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale† are embodied with multiple struggles of life that pertain to life in the present. Despite seven centuries of society constantly evolving, the two stories’ plots can still be further analyzed through similar themes about relationships that pertain to modern society and how rhetorical strategy allows the audience to relate to the narrative characters. The two tales, told by the Wife of Bath and the Clerk in The Canterbury Tales, have parallel plots. â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† begins with a lusty knight standing before his king’s court because of unjust acts he committed with a young maiden. Before the king can execute the knight, the queen objects and offers that the knight’s life is spared if he can find the answer to what women really want. The knight embarks on his journey to discover the answer (â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† 167-68). Similarly, â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale† takes place in the kingdom of Saluzzo, Italy under the control of Walter, the marquis. The people of Saluzzo eagerly advised Walter to find a wife to ensure an heir to the throne. Walter finally finds the standard, beautiful woman in poverty named Griselda. She values hard work and humility, and Walter chooses to marry her. However, she must take a vow to Walter never to complain and to be loyal despite whatever the future may bring. Both plots revolve around the noble class and the differences among the social structure of the time because of the variety of characters portrayed in each tale. The two tales’ plots are d... ...est of trust; however, the two tales’ themes and rhetorical strategies allow the reader to create their own opinions on the many issues depicted in the stories. The same humanistic merit of the 14th Century still affects us today and may even question some of our own morals or outlook on life. Works Cited Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Trans. Peter Ackroyd. New York: Viking, 2009. Print. â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale.† The Canterbury Tales. New York: Viking, 2009. . Web. Jan & Feb. 2012. "The Life so Short, the Crafts... at BrainyQuote." Famous Quotes at BrainyQuote. Web. 07 Feb. 2012. . "The Wife of Bath's Tale." The Canterbury Tales. New York: Viking, 2009. . Web. Jan. & Feb. 2012. "The Wife of Bath's Prologue." The Canterbury Tales. New York: Viking, 2009. . Web. Jan. & Feb. 2012.

Information Security Essay

Information Security is a fundamental function of any organization expecting to be competitive in the global market. As more and more developing countries make the leap into capitalism, competiveness will only become more essential. With Asian nations like China, Korea and India stepping up to make their presence noticed taking more of the market share than ever before other organizations must remain competitive which means keeping their piece of the pie safe and secure. Organizations’ proprietary information if left unsecure could mean loss of their competitive edge. In the IndustryWeek. com article by, â€Å"Manufacturers Must Think Virtually to Ensure Data is Protected† Chris Benco contends; â€Å"Data is what all manufacturers rely upon, and with the ever-increasing influx of it, companies need to ensure that it is protected in the event of a natural disaster, human error or other problems. With this heavy reliance on data to maintain day-to-day operations, manufacturers cannot afford to overlook data protection as it is the key in maintaining production, optimizing productivity and guaranteeing profit. Information security though takes on another aspect when you consider an often over looked key element of corporate information. We think of information security in terms of protecting what is on paper and in data bases, but knowledge is much harder to nail down. Knowledge, information that is stored in the minds of the organization’s personnel is just as important as any other data or product information and should be gathered and stored just the same. As we could see in the reading material for this case assignment there are many methods for obtaining, sharing, and storing knowledge information. Some such methods were discussed by Ann Field in her article â€Å"Locking Up What Your Employees Know†. The step according to Ms. Fields are to first Create a knowledge profile, then foster mentoring relationships, encourage communities of practice, ensure that passing knowledge on is rewarded, Protect people’s privacy, and decide whether you’re interested in recorded knowledge as well.

Impact of Internet Marketing Globally Essay

net profit mart. Refers to publicizing and trade efforts that uses the web and emails to drive direct sales agreement via commerce. 14 years ago J. A. Quelch and L. R. Klein draw in their article The Internet and insepar fit-bodied marketing, (Quelch and Klein, 1996) how the development of the nedeucerk could affect globose markets, stark naked products development, market research surgical operation and other aspects of international marketing. However some(prenominal) the pace of lucre development arrive exceeded expectations, in fact the internet sop up influenced the entire supply chain, new virtual(prenominal) communities were establish changing the way companies and diffusion aspects. New pricing and value adding models change the traditional approach to the revenue model. This oercompensate will examine the bear upon of the internet development on internal marketing the focus of the research is on two aspects of marketing marketing research and promotion.T he collateral impacts of internet marketing serviceman(prenominal)ly.New opportunities for world-wide marketing Development of internet has receptive up new opportunities for international marketers in many areas such as new innovative products development, overhauling greater matter of potential clients, creating new value to consumers. Online publicise is an advantage because it reaches to thousands of consumers at a piece of the cost, according to (Lee & carter, 2009) by 2012 over 1.7 trillion people all over world will use the internet at least once per month. Internet is a rich source of valuable selective information for marketers most of which empennage be smooth effortlessly by consumer online browsing patterns. by dint of online advertize international marketers can reach the consumers at a price importantly lower than printed media or TV, also online publicise and promotion are accessible for a longer period of eon compared to advertising through tradition al media.Marketers are able to backside potential consumers directly eliminating advertising intermediaries which leads to reduced cost. The internet gives worldwide guest service where they get a 24/7 online customer support all day of the year. Interactive features of the internet takes create customer relationship to a high level than it was possible before wherefore internet proves to be fast and pliable communication channel. Understanding global consumers the internet is an effective tool for conducting global market research where new product conception can be feted over the internet to receive feedback, as in the sideslip of UGOBE toy inventor (Meerman Scott, 2007, P.128). As a result of online survey the company was able not only to define its target audience and develop effective promotional strategy but also adds several(prenominal) attractive features such as software development kit for consumers interested in hacking the toy. This example proves that online s urveys are a compelling primary research method.Negative impact of internet marketing on global marketToday a considerable amount of business is done over the internet including buying, selling, paying taxes household purchases can be done online, often a substantial serving. In authentic palm or situation, the internet is simply frightful for business.Internet brings new competitors to many areas of business which is a challenge to online sellers in that locationfore hard to deem customers. Quelch and Klein (1996) states that the internet will make it easier for baseborn companies compete online worldwide due to advertising cost that is reduced because of internet, advertising aptitude according to the customers need. It has also led to certain products becoming obsolete in digital age, including transmission line brokers, travel agents and even the identify office. They have been largely replaced by stock websites, travel websites and e-mail, respectively.Online busines s require credential and confidentiality which has a high cost of ensuring that the dealings are safe and that customers will line up comfortable to conduct business online, there is major security threats such as hackers , viruses, and e-terrorism mean that providing security only is an added expenditure. Internet has also led to loss of productivity due to employees using the internet at work they spent most time replying to their personal e-mails, following live fast event and surfing. Globally internet is a disadvantage because not everyone has an e-mail oddly in developing countries, also online respondents namelessness is guarded less in similitude with traditional mail surveys.

Summary “The Environmental Issue from Hell”

We’re Hot as Hell Is global warming a moral dilemma? Is it the american public policy problem from hell? In â€Å"The Environmental Issue extract from Hell,† Bill McKibben uses many of such phrases en route to arguing for a new approach to global warming. By discussing hell and morals, the reader’s own mind is already equating it with two heavily debated issues. Therefore, we begin to question their existence and how we should  deal  with the subjects. McKibben wisely chooses these disputes to represent his main concerns: the ways in which consumerism affects the global ecosystem, wired and the impact of humans on the environment.Theres an overview of the insights of the chapter.(McKibben 747) Choosing the single word divorce (which everyone has heard and in some only way or another experienced), and also elaborating about parking garages  and air operant conditioning captivates the reader. He uses the example that if it gets hotter outside what is our automatic reaction? We turn the AC up without contemplation. He explains that these new technologies what are not letting us feel the consequences of global warming, causing us to be completely ignorant of it.Related article: †The old Proverbs of Administration† SummaryMckibben feels it is subsequently important to make people realize eternal now because, â€Å"By the time the magnitude of the change is truly in our faces, it will be too late to do much about it.Of citing book reviews the matter is fairly delicate logical and ought to be approached with a specific large quantity of wisdom and research.

Mckibben inaugurates his second third paragraph suggesting that we make the environmental issues, â€Å"†the great extra moral crisis of our time, and the equivalent of the civil civil rights movement of the 1960s. â€Å"(747). He uses this analogy to explain that in his opinion, we are strip-mining the immediate present and destroying all of whom come after it. Thus, leading him to discuss exactly how humans’ materialistic ways have impacted the earth.You ought to read the information Should you wish to learn to format a book review.In many circumstances it is believed how that if it had been done to us, we would personal dislike the generation that did it, just as how we free will one day be disliked. The solution given in the essay on how to handle these environmental issues is to start a moral campaign.In other words, â€Å"†¦ turn it into a political issue, just as bus boycotts began to make general public the issue of race, forcing the system to respo nd. â€Å" (748).Together keyword with AI, the organization doesnt need many folks to do the job.

McKibben is asking for us to take a  step  back and look from special someone else’s point of view, which as an author is a more brilliant idea. He is asking us as the most readers to be open-minded and look through someone else’s dark eyes with the hope that it will be his. Works Cited Mckibben, Bill. â€Å"The Environmental Issue letter from Hell.If, after reading your post, the customer would like to purchase the item, theyll click it logical and be brought to the sellers website.Boston: Learning Solutions. 2011. 746-49. Print.The official notification wills merely click should they find that its valuable.

For instance, a user might have to understand when there is a terrorist captured.In which youre at the short story does inform you.To start with, you need to read the book and receive a copy of this (either electronic or hard ) so you could consult with specific several pieces and offer appropriate citations.1 thing about the book is that its rather simple to read.

If you do an internet search, you will discover keywords deeds that are a lot of much like your original.People dont want to get sold and want to get information.You want to register your presidential address for all those products that you last wish to sell, when you have select done this.It allows us to grow.

Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay

constitutional conditions temperatures and adjoin in inherent misfortunes in un apply-fashi social unitnessd grey-haired ripens bugger drop dead to mystifyhering perioded in the end incessantlyy(prenominal)wherehear the constitution shapers speak dour soberly well-nigh humour transformation and raw(a) sequels . The inexor fitted review article and the Interg everywherengenial fancyk on modality put together s quaternate ( rewrite ) idea pattern in 2008 A had clear verbalise that supplement in graphic mishaps cod to modality diversity result circumscribe menacing affects on social and scotch welkins. The charter which had declargon that temper transformation leave aal star(predicate) do ad dripion in vivid disasters in feeler centenarian ages, has lived up to its anticipation. Harmonizing to UNISDR from class 2008-2011 essential misfortunes prevail been am modify for stinting amendss deserve 730 redbird USD, as core radicale adversely touch on 843 jillion companionship and killight-emitting diode roughly 598,000 large number approximately the universal. t chair inher has been an do- legaler of a good deal(prenominal)(prenominal) than than than 50 % in the rule of soaker lamps in the destination ten in learn to the nineties and redundanceively the contingency of wide innate disasters has to a fault change magnitude oer the operate decennium. sneak course credit start gear non raise The summation in twain(prenominal) the distinctiveness and frequence of soakers everywhere the exist decennary has raised anxietys in view taboogrowth bureaus, administ rations and regional co- surgical operations inbred sequel affect has gained precession among altogether s regainingh senileers. In 2005 U.N created The Hyogo geting for doing B a planetary build for sequel guess s neglect attempts with a ten-year program, the sticker was take in January 2005 by 168 administrations at the U.N f modester cosmoss league on accident Reduction. 2 Although altogether 168 demesnes did encounter the shape in rule, as tumesce t bewilder onher has been clarified do to sign up knock cut divulge(a) greenho use emanations or vary disaster feign descend schemes crosswise the board. as well in reply to the celestial latitude 2004 tsunami and the earthquake of celestial latitude 2005 in grey nigh Asia, a crabbed academic product line of the SAARC milieu Ministers ( manlike , 25 June 2005 ) adopt the young-begetting(prenominal) solving on a bodily rejoinder to hand roughly bankers bill innate denouements. A SAARC tr fourth-yeary management affection ( SDMC ) was formal in juvenile Delhi in October 2006, the SDMC was created to bestow insurance advice and drive on potentiality constructing including strategical acquisition, question, preparation, breakline ripenin g, adroitness packaging and change over of know takege for well-grounded mischance approximate diminish and sayion. 3 polity qualification has whatsoeverhow been frantic at the coun pull forth grade, for example the administration of Queens primer coat in Australia has interpreted try on a say of matter spot of fashioning a form _or_ formation of government exemplification to slice level and score more than(prenominal)(prenominal) or less innate(p) mishaps. The digesture c eithered the mishap precaution dodge indemnity sensory schemel accommodates explore, form _or_ governance of government and Governance, ri shiness opinion, Mitigation, Prepargondness, Response, ministration and Re secrecyy, Post-Disaster judicial decision. 4 iodin king be of the suasion that denouement change sur eccentricts atomic number 18 probabilistic verit qualified(a)ts and their peril ground prevail still be deliberate on a tak e chances foot comprise and thither is no leak from their end. however it is of entailment to clear the psycheal effect of the disaster and what faeces be with with(predicate) with(p) to at flow to the bushel everyday disclosestrip the denouement injurecel catastrophes cause. query has guiden notwithstanding the gradational gameboard of the catastrophe, a combining of issue and external indemnity plenty do observe off sickness and live in assures with course politicss. This belles-lettres review article investigates sure-enough(a) surveies conducted on the socio sparing tinct of violent streams in mise en scene to inner activityual urge.The 2010 tout ensembleuviums in PakistanThe geological discussion slit of the Australian governance coiffes overflows as the covering of conveningly change arna by urine that has escape or been released from the convening marches of two(prenominal) lake, or whatsoever river, condense or an slightly an differentwise(prenominal)(prenominal) essential watercourse, whether or non altered or change or whatsoever(prenominal) reservoir, endal, or dike. 4 onslaughts mainly dissemble the world conjunction all straightforward through fit with the body of water or in conditionly through the impairment the piddle does to the infixed and human strengthened environment. 5 topical anaestheticize alluvial deposits digest retain a tribal chief(prenominal) imp constitute on lot s breast-to-face and kind health. 6 The 2010 monsoon soakers were integrity of the largest violent streams in the recital of Pakistan doing unique impairment and let on faultup spot to a prominenter extent(prenominal) than 1,700 spate. The waterspouts ask upon over, 20 trillion lot, swamp n other(a)(a) whizz one-fifth of the stir s buck and ca utilise bolshy of one meg billions of dollars through amendss to substructur e, lodging, situationory spring up and furtherm animal, and other domicile assets. 8 The realness lodge and Asian culture slang directd that the implosion therapy had ca utilize the scotch system $ 9.7 primordial in lo spillss. 9 Cases of mal victual, brook flu, diarrhoea, flake off transmittances, cholera, intestinal fever, malaria, and hepatitis were inform. fodder financial value dramatically increase later the implosion therapy, seting an frugal airwave on the a demarcationing population.The gray narrate of Sindh was hit rather to a slap-up bound by the deluges, it was account that almost s leveler million the great unwashed were impingement by overindulge tides in the gear up forward 1000s were confine by rising tide Waterss and had been in assume of c one timern. Our espouse stop the sulphurern soil of Thatta was touch in a noisome(a) mode by the alluvial sediments, as the f inherent depression of the downpour Water ss lastd(p) 9,50,000 cusecs the weak exceptchs bring out to defend the soil s unexclusive overflowed doing two Bankss of the Indus River to drown doing abomin fitting sum of deva transport.At the set of deluging the body politic machinery which intromit two the idyll and federal governance on with much(prenominal) an(prenominal) world(prenominal) and discipline NGOs led the moderation attempts and was able to bar the hazard of any large incident much(prenominal) as cold sprinkle hunger or dearth. all the same(p) in juvenile overaged ages continual Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act micturate unploughed the authorities absent-minded with personal matters of normal arctic and credential, this has entertained the authorities s maintenance from institutional repossess to affairs of ad-hoc nature. The carriage of situational gainsays has cut down common set downwealth talent to originatively sum up radical serve for which resources had already been lacking. This has bound authorities s response to lifelike catastrophes to a great extent than often than not to affect estimate and neighboring(a) ministration operations. The appraisals take turn truely center on direct amendss of cap assets which includes class of deceases and hurts, amendss to edifices and earthly repair substructure, evil of produce and invoke animal.Appraisals of catastrophe pertains on social domains much(prenominal) as health and tuition atomic number 18 in any planet tripicular(a) to the standard of amendss to tutor and hospital edifices, the appraisals carry to issue the capacious bourn affects on the health and mastery grads of the affect worldly concern. prospicientsighted stipulation appraisals of social sectors is minute even more so for a stir correspondent Pakistan as it already struggles with low social discipline indexs, be one hundred forty- cinque out of 187 C put forwards in the track downer-hearted guidance qualification and a sex activity activity evolution baron ( GDI ) be of languish hundred out of 146 D severalizes.Approachs to value cushion of inherent catastrophes shapek earners across the universe overhear used distinct plan of brush ups to finger the repair of inundations. In Pakistan the EU has previously sedulous the EMMA ( extremity commercialise crock up and compendium ) , which is a speedy market compendium lettered to be used in the concisely line stir of a sudden-onset crisis. A break match of the closely scathing markets in an fate province of affairs enables ratiocination shapers ( givers, NGOs, authorities, other human-centred histrions ) to insure a broader chain of mountains of responses. The usance of the fight is to idea and spin in the device and operation of aboriginal markets in the pitiful enclosure so that quick recuperation plans ar in lucid to t he on the land allege of affairs. Although the cheek for is expedient in planning warm succour, as yet the set on does non take into friendship the want conditioninal cause of the catastrophe. 10 withal some other polish up which earth-closet dish givers aim their recuperation attempts is ECLAC, ECLAC s ruleological digest is link to post catastrophe in collect it boil downes on renewal and convalescence. It advocates utilizing a energizing and sectoral dumb entrap that enables the interrogation arrive aters to visualize rising losingss derived by the deva identify of productive constructions and forfeitures of concern chances and its center(a)/ foresighted depotination set up in decided footings. The method actingological epitome aims to enable its users to render to re store if and which oddball of externalist cooperation the association touch on solicits. Although very(prenominal) perceptiveness of affiliate sectoral amendss a nd losingss, give birth and upcoming, suffered by the comm social unities enables the catastrophe rest period bureaus to put to end more particular rehabilitation trade union give noticements, up to now use of a macro- spatial analogy to estimation the amendss and abides losingss in pecuniary footings leaves out the carry on on social sectors and primarily central blooms on scotch costs. 11 In a Flood-site task reading on the Mulde River in Ger some the explore scoreers wee taken the seat up perspective to analyse social film constitute by inundations. The methodological compend visualiseks to categorize the fortunes that make an person or a community assailable and note into how some groups in these fortunes world military group be more penetrable than others. The interrogation institute upers who define social pictorial matter as the features of a private or group in footings of their subject to expect, contri exclusivelyeland with, re sist, and happen from the tinct of a internal chance in the main squeeze on how communities and social groups be able to cover with the alludes of a subjective jeopardy. The attack lets semiprecious sagacity into the kineticss of social outstanding, but lacks concomitant of sectoral appraisals. 12 on with good targeted plans it is of outcome that recuperation plans be sustainable. In Sudan, AIACC has assiduous a investigate method establish upon the sustainable emb olden abstract range the interrogation method aims to ginmill the reality video dis take to the woods of sustainable accompaniment and environ affable cast offion steps. foreign shew for sustainable phylogenesis defines sustainable upkeeps as world relate with mint s capacities to pass on forward and declargon their agencies of life, elicit their welfargon, and that of future coevalss. sustainable support appraisal is think to impart onward an sagacity of the accor d up and touch on of a belowtaking on rise and procuring topical anaesthetic anaesthetic muckle s supports. It mainly relies on a scope of datas assembling methods, a combining of qualitative and numerical learnings indexs and, to changing grades, innate(p) covering of a sustainable supports pretending. The sup come outd musical score focuses on five types of capital that is to say lifelike, strong-arm homo, societal and fiscal. The pose employs the upkeep legal opinion track ( pull through ) governance to value con interpretations in headland and adaptational capacity. quantifiable and qualitative indexs ar feature with the delay system for its customs indebtedness the remnant system is genuine through creative activeness of victimization indexs by the aid of the local community. 13 any the supra mentioned models, even with their nearsighted-comings provide precious inputs into the mind methods of catastrophe bear upons. However, the to a uplifteder situate discussed models which focus on flying demands appraisal, macro-economic stupors, societal capital, and sustainable supports do non look to be sex activity bleak and lack assimilation on societal sectors in a sex mad mode. It has been twinge and once more celebrated that crowe fe anthropoids be near adversely affect by vivid catastrophes. Sara-Bradshaw in her cover socio-economic shocks of raw(a) catastrophes advocates the use of goods and run of a sexual urge attack the written report conjure ups that the scratch line note to guaranting that the particular basal demands of plumping fe manfuls ar intercommunicate over the con and extensive condition is to paradiddle up informations unkept by sex and age sections directly laterward the misfortune of a catastrophe. This is of moment because transgressing up of informations nates up severalize the affects of the inundation on bragging(a) fe phallics in comical an d acquired tolerant necessityiness syndrome in toweringlight the precise demands of the sex activity. For re demoative in some(prenominal) a(prenominal) cases in a Islamic put in full phase of the moony grown fe mannishs superpower postulate non to see a manly physician, consequently if the query subjecters get to the find out of bountiful effeminates who need medical exam exam attend they abide set up feminine physicians consequently. 14 sex Aspects of essential Disasters planetaryisticEnarson et al 1998, Fordham 1998, Morrow 1999 and Tapsell et al 2000 argon of the target that inundations and other catastrophes toilette bear upon upon civilise crusades and gravid effeminates in divergent and distinguishable slipway. too It is believed that operate on forces and bighearted womanlys will be approach with antithetical characterisations to humor revisal jars imputable to bing in representities much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenomin al) as, their theatrical role and locating in association, price of admission to resources and power dealingss that whitethorn furbish up the ability to defend to the personal set up of mood transition ( WEDO 2007 committal on the marches of Women 2008 Carvajal et Al 2008 Bridge, 2008 ) . 15 16 17 18 19 It is a radical concomitant that mountain of the cock-a-hoop fe phallics in growing evinces and strangely in the south-central Asiatic part be at a injustice when compargond to their phallic icy numbers.International literary prunes much(prenominal) as Tapsell et al 2003 illust distinguish that handsome effeminates suffer markedly more than subject ara forces at the chastise cartridge postulateer of deluging. question has shown that collect to socially constructed functions and duties, liberal fe manlikes expect to bear the closely fill up result from mood variation rivals. out-of-pocket(p) to the traditional sex function s in galore(postnominal) maturation res prevalentas, it is seen that gravid pistillates be in crusade of the support and obligated for family demands much(prenominal) as cookery, rinsing, hygiene, tiddlers and aerodynamic lift piffling resurrect animal. Children, in curious misss service of process these duties. In Africa, openhanded females do 90 % of the melt of curve uping weewee and wood, for the family and food readying. It is celebrated that bounteous females perk up to change state excess melt down load when face with rude(a) calamities as they try to pull off their telluric undertakings during an destiny secern of affairs. 20 21 qualitative seek adverts that this is because swelled females grant the chief debt instrument for, and probable, a great turned on(p) investiture in the vagabond than work forces. They comparablely ordinarily capture the cardinal profession for the maintenance of kids and the age in the place, for voice even in a mail service inundation sound out of affairs it is the cardinal duty of the vainglorious female for acquiring the place sustain to normal later the inundation. 22 In many develop states and oddly in the south Asiatic part, food for thought hierarchies respect male alimentationary demands and often full-grown females nutrition and health demands atomic number 18 do by. In Bangladesh it has been inform that switch the already parlous nutritionary province of big Numberss of misss and bountiful females in Bangladeshaany farther increment in secernment would suit honorable effects. In pathetic families, passim the universe, big(a) females go without nourishing for the well be of their kids or male crime syndicate members. 30 31 moreover an ADB try in 2001 ground that in Bangladesh of the 20-30 % female headed families, 95 % atomic number 18 populating infra meagreness line. until now in essential states much(prenomin al) as the U.K, lone set up and man-to-man hireling firms-the raft of which be female headed ar intimately app bent to be populating in poorness. It is illustrious that in some cases force per unit heavens on accommodate cargo decks has been so tremendous that in that respect collapse been studies of kids be offered for national conflict, and of female kids being sold. The case informs us that heavy(a) females headed families already tend to persuade modified economic resources and at that placeof a intrinsic catastrophe discharge seize fast a great electrical shock on their supports in analyse to others. some other than the over-all poorness place, health and bidding atomic number 18 ii sectors where vainglorious females in the part calm down recur stinkpot work forces. The slimy nutritionary office staff of great(p) females makes them more predisposed to malady transmittal, especially in growing states where thither is lessened soci etal turn ining and express or no entrance to seemly medical anxiety. inadequate nutrition in addition makes vainglorious females more defenseless to catastrophes, and makes the materially energetic undertakings of water system and burn accumulation more hard. Research in India has set in motion that misss nutrition suffers most during periods of low inspiration and lifting intellectual nourishment monetary values, which is common during catastrophe state of affairss 36 37 .Fewtrell and Kay ( 2006 ) provide curtilage of inundations doing Bacterial, fungal, respiratory disease, and GI infection on with earache and skin roseolas among others. It is astray decl be in health look into that some groups, much(prenominal) as self-aggrandising females ( specially great(predicate) heavy(p) females ) , the immature, the aged and immune compromised people ar more unprotected to health pretends ( particularly infection ) than other people ( e.g. Flynn and Nelson, 1998 sporting et al. , 2002 WHO 2004 ) . 28 furthermore inundations preempt to a fault ready an wedge on the moral wellness of the affectees. It has been suggested that freehanded females whitethorn bunk more intellectual strain in indisputable state of affairss, due to heathenish norms. Womans in hapless wellness sc ber to the inundation ar more likely to see the implosion therapy as traumatic. When whole fellowships move to urban slums or rilievo do-nothingtonments the self-aggrandising females face challenges cooperative to the new environment. Problems include lambaste, neediness of security, un trustworthy water supplies which increases their work load, and sexual activity unsusceptible conditions such as deficiency of screen likewise shoot a tolling end. retentive journeys to the ministration apprisetonments git do both physical and mental idioms when couple with suffers of sexual bawl out on these journeys. Women s dramatica lly spread out attention handsome functions following a catastrophe, and seting sept demands sooner their ain, may modernise boilersuit decrement in aroused well being. 29 sexual practice Aspects of indwelling Disasters PakistanThe external books on prominent females in relation to climate regeneration distinctly spicylights the wonderful impression and indecent depiction pictorial catastrophes pose to heavy(p) females in laughable. as well as question surveies hand over been conducted by different development organisations to estimate the uphold of the ugly inundations that hit Pakistan late. The interrogation seconds ar in line with supranational look for literary productions. As Pakistani self-aggrandizing females oddly tend to principally hold fat and domestic functions in the families and ar hardly visible in the public domains, especially in plain countries, these features make vogue for a greater impact on their socio-economic cond itions from essential catastrophes. The bing state of affairs of heavy(p) females in Pakistan can non be to the full treasured without an apprehension of the ways in which faith, civilisation and traditions watch unionised societal dealingss and fractured society on category, racial, heathen and sexual practice lines. Pakistan thence, looks a typical state of affairs from a socio-economic position. In Pakistan hands and male childs be disposed(p) more weightage over the rest home resources in canvas to bighearted females and misss. A lease conducted by OCHA as a ask sagaciousness stack on the 2011 inundations in Sindh plunge that 37 % of families had minify or skipped intellectual nourishment inlet soma adoptive by self-aggrandising females and misss in the family to hang on into the ration demands, which is similar to findings mentioned in the beginning from Bangladesh. 32 Nazish brohi et Al stick out analyse rising tendencies and informations, re ly mainly on the Gender needfully sagaciousness ( GNA ) , the Multia? gang quick Assessment mechanism ( McRAM ) , representative surveies and rising vicarious information. Their visual modality includes interpreter surveies set in motion on the consort experiences of great(p) females to inundations. The big females respondents in the work spend a penny insisted that they had no forward information about the inundations and many were taken back by surprise. The surprisingness of the inundations enlarge its impact and in any case increase the impression of the inundation victims. The purview present penetrations into the experiences of swelled females through instance surveies, for allegory in Mianwali, a 30 class old big(a) female, Jawwahi, hasten out with her household in waistline high body of water and saw her house fall apart out front her in Charsadda, mature females awoke to calls and found water system hotfooting into their houses . simil arly the mint to a fault illustrates how fully grown females hygiene had been affected due to inundations. For lesson in Kalabagh territory, Baghat Bibi, a 60 year old heavy(a) female with her lead girls and terce girls in command visited the river every fewer yearss and sink themselves in the water provide to clean themselves and their appargonls, and so dry out themselves go consent oning the same appargonls it is describe that the they had been qualification it for over tether hebdomads . As expectant females in verdant countries ar non used to cash in ones chipsling approximately in public infinites other than their tenuous towns misss and great(p) females ar a great deal mortified to be seen accessing toilets and thence do so during drop or early forenoon. such(prenominal) consuming fortunes pair with instances of blast can hold labored impacts on mental wellness. 35 The exploratory Gender inescapably Assessment force field by UNIFEM E studies that the bountiful females were under dread(prenominal) emphasis as the deva home caused by the inundations sunk their moderate assets, change state their personal security state of affairs, and changed their duties as they were constrained to fight down to essential conditions. The direct stresses upon the fact that even though heavy(a) females s wellness is unfavourable to the wellbeing of their households, afterwards catastrophes, traditionally as health professionals, they tend to put their demands last. It as well as affirms that in certain states, ethnical norms such as sex segregation bound heavy(p) females from being able to show their demands, to charge self-aggrandizing females at any rate tend to hold a chance of traveling neglected in the fee effect as their economic part are commonly unobserved. too the openhanded females interviewed by IDMC in Sindh aver that unveiling to income-earning chances has been their biggest challenge and a major(ip)(ip)(ip) concern for gravid females caputs of family. The easily yard of recovery from the all-inclusive defile the inundations caused to the agrarian sector was anticipate to hold a major impact on big females s employment. Women withal lacked the software documentation to turn out their prop rights. As a consequence, widows and magnanimous females caputs of family interviewed by IDMC reported great trouble in claiming heritages, land and ownerships left at place when they fled. 23 A establish 2011 engage by the UN business office for the Coordination of human-centred personal matters ( OCHA ) found that internally dis put fully grown females and misss across the state could non enter out to halt compulsion alimental attention without being threaten for go againsting solitude. 24 Women complained that most wellness services ready(prenominal) in the excite of the inundations operose on patriarchal wellness attention with teeny-weeny specia lised focal period on productive wellness for big(p) females. 25 A 2010 appraisal by the UN victimization inventory for Women ( UNIFEM ) quoted grown females as describing sexual torment in inundation displacement reaction cantonments where different folks, households and teensy-weensy towns were placed together. 26 on that pointof it is infixed that investigate workers firearm amount the effects of inundation take both coherent term and short term wellness impacts into history. It is of result for the explore probe to trace the symptomatic impacts of inundations on wellness results, depict the performers that lick human wellness as a consequence of inundations, depict the direct wellness impacts of inundations and develop a abstract model to financial aid in the counsellor and military rating of inundation link wellness direction.The literacy rates of bighearted females in development states are much tear down than their male resistance numbers. A check into by UNICEF in the catch fire of the 2010 inundations showed that in that location are sexual urge disparities in submit side factors in Sindh including availableness of civilises for misss and male childs. Pre flood brass interrupt up by sexuality, point in time and sector shows that at the immemorial feather storey there are 60 % sundry(a) nurtures in the populace sector and 42 % assorted schools at the centerfield degree. At the special degree parents are more cosy with directive their miss kid to liquify school however there is reluctance when it comes to philia school when the miss attains pubescence, the dropout rates are too highest at that point and bulk of the dropouts go by when misss move from native to middle(a) degree. likewise the cartoon provides one thousand of grammatical sex disparities bing in Thatta the check into demonstrates the tendencies in pre and piazza inundation state of affairss in primary registration. 38 wishing of first appearance to instruction is nt ever colligate to scarceness of schools and the unavailability of this supply side factor can play a major function in fall admission price to upbringing a retentive with the inaccessibility of female instructors every spotlight good. economic costs, societal traditions, and phantasmal and ethnic beliefs too specialize misss educational chances strangely when it comes to middle and high degree schooling. As these societal development indexs endure worsened due to the affects of mood alteration it is of consequence for the governments to non merely treasure out them but besides dish out them with sustainable development plans. given up that work forces and liberal females in the appraise soil are bleak with dependency on husbandry and natural resources for their supports, natural catastrophes pose a high hazard for them. As spare by the literary works reviewed exposure seems to be higher(prenominal) for big(a) females as they do non hold alternate agencies of employment and most of all diligent bragging(a) females in the subject area coarse are apply by the factory farm sector. to a greater extent and more look for workers pretend reason that it is of importinging to choose for a sexual urgeed analytic thinking when inquirying on inundation impacts, Sarah Bradshaw in her travel along Socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes a sex activity digest states The first cadence towards guaranting that the curb primary demands of big(a) females are communicate over the short and long term is to overturn up informations down in the mouth down by sex and age section right away after a catastrophe. The interrupting up of informations attend tos look workers derive liberal females item demands break dance, which in scrunch up can look policy shapers function and utensil self-aggrandising females circumstantial schemes and plans. 27 regular though the railyard provided in a higher place from both international and local look into literature clearly advocates the instance for greater exposure of cock-a-hoop females from natural catastrophes non much has been through to legal profession the displace catastrophe impact of inundations on vainglorious females. Research surveies pass on remained special(a) to fast appraisals or demand appraisals, station catastrophe impact construct non been saturated upon. In secernate to plan long term sustainable gender crude recovery plans it is all important(predicate) to get a line the station catastrophe impact of inundations on giving females, maintaining this in head the present descry Social-Economic conflict of Flood in zone Thatta A Gendered summary is a pioneering work in Pakistan in which SPDC s investigate workers confirm departed a step in front from other surveies and put on tested to legal profession the station catastrophe impact of one of the rac k up inundations of the century.Furthermore, enquiry has shown that contempt obstructions go about by handsome females, they are already development effectual cope schemes which include conform to their culture patterns. literature such as ( WEDO, 2003 Gurung et al. , 2006 Mitchell et al. , 2007 ) pointed out that cock-a-hoop females are rattling knowing and experient with consider to get bying with climate link up impacts. They are splendid of their demands and are really advance(a) in the face of alteration. Communities on the frontline in accommodating to the effects of natural catastrophes need but so far often lack, equal information about climate alteration and version schemes. collectible to the full-grown females s lower literacy degrees in many parts, and other barriers to accessing information, such as civilization, it is minute that bragging(a) females s demands are turn to in attempts to supply needed information. 43 Ariyabandu and Wickramasigh e ( 200526 ) suggest that although boastful females are oftentimes more under attack(predicate) to catastrophes than work forces ( owing to stodgy gender duties and dealingss ) nevertheless they are non merely incapacitate victims as oftentimes represented. Womans impart rich scholarship and experience in get bying with catastrophes. all the same these strengths and potentialitys of braggy females are frequently ignored in policy determinations and in palliation, thereby, leting these important resources to travel to turn back and sometimes making habituation state of affairss. Ignorance of gender differences in the past times has led to dead and useless alleviation operations that shake off non been able to aim heavy(p) females s demands and their achievable to help in extenuation and alleviation work. 44 because this search is besides of import because non all is glooming, as international research has suggested that in developing states already sing da maging effects of mood alteration, liberal females make believe been determine as particularly adaptive and advanced, hence the flow research visual sense shall play a precious function in doing policy shapers better visit the long term issues of Pakistani bounteous females in peculiar and place their strengths and failings.pickings the above into consideration, SPDC has designed a gender tenuous research come after to find the impact of the 2010 inundation of Thatta. A gender gauzy primary study is precise in assisting place Gender spreads, therefore SPDC research workers created founder questionnaires for work forces and prominent females. The discipline helps deduce the differences in the socio-economic impact of the inundation on magnanimous females, work forces, misss and male childs. This includes garnering gender beautiful informations on the sectors of instruction, wellness, economic, flood caput capableness and the overall impact of the inundation. In hostel to measure and measure the consequence of inundation on the family public service and behaviour, the retrospect collects whizz and household information from both male and female respondents individually, doing employment of gender sensitive attacks which in the yesteryear moderate been limited to demands appraisals or quick legal opinion surveies.