Introductory Accounting Assignment

ACCT 2060 Introductory Accounting Assignment – Semester 2, 2011 This assignment is designed to get you to locate the Annual Reports for a company and become familiar with the contents of an Annual Report, particularly the financial statements and the notes to the financial statements. While we have looked at very basic formats of the financial statements, the financial statements for a company contain a little more detail and information on some items you may not have been introduced to yet.Pay particular attention to the information provided in the notes to the financial statements as you will find a lot of useful information in them that may help with some of the questions. REQUIRED: You are required to obtain the 2010 Annual Report of Blackmores Limited and then answer the questions that follow in Part A and Part B. PART A – THE COMPANY (8 x 1 = 8 marks) Question 1 Describe the company’s principal operating activities. Ans: Blackmores Limited manufactures & de velops health products. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 2]Question 2 An auditing firm will have received remuneration for their services. What services did the auditing firm provide for this company in 2010? Ans: The auditing firm, DELOITTE TOUCHE TOHMATSU, audited the Remuneration Report included in pages 41 to 48 of the directors’ report for the year ended 30  June 2010. Their  responsibility is to express an opinion on the Remuneration Report, based on their audit conducted in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 41 to 48, Page 50 and 51] Question 3Using the 2010 Annual Report, identify the number of the note that deals with Significant Accounting Policies and identify the method of depreciation the company uses to depreciate property, plant and equipment. What is the underlying assumption of this method in relation to the usefulness of property, plant and equipment? Ans: Total numbers of notes dealing with Significant Accounting Policies are 22. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 58 – 64]. The method of depreciation the company adopt onto depreciation of property, plant and equipment is the straight-line method.The underlying assumption is that the residual value is estimated based on the cost of asset over the expected useful life. Freehold land is not depreciated. The following estimated useful lives are used in the calculation of depreciation: †¢ Buildings 25–40 years †¢ Leasehold improvements 3–13 years †¢ Plant and equipment 3–20 years [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 59]. Question 4 The annual report contains a number of reports with only some of these being ‘financial reports’. Name all of the financial reports in the 2010 annual report shown for this company in their annual report.Ans: The financial reports in the 2010 annual report are Statement of Financial position as at 30 June 2010, Statem ent of Comprehensive Income for the. Statement of Changes in Equity and Statement of cash flows. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 53-57]. Question 5 Directors of the company will often own shares in the company as well. Identify the name of the chairman of the board of directors and identify the number of shares the chairman held in the company at the end of their 2010 financial year (financial year ends June 30, 2010). Ans:Chairman of the board of directors is Marcus C Blackmore AM [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 36]. The number of fully paid ordinary shares he has is 4,479,278 [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 38]. Question 6 Describe the purpose of the external auditor’s report. Ans: The external auditor’s report is to ensure that the financial reports produced by Blackmores internally are true & fair, complete & accurate. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 51]. Question 7 With reference to the consolidated entity: †¢ What is the total amount of revenue and other income in 2010? What are the two revenue items? †¢ What is the ‘other income’ comprised of? (You must refer to the relevant note to find the answer to this. ) Ans: The total amount of revenue and other income in 2010 is $217,093,000 The two revenue items are Sales and Royalties. The ‘other income’ comprises of bank deposits / Net foreign exchange gains. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 53 and 67]. Question 8 Again with reference to the consolidated entity: †¢ What is the amount of cash receipts from customers in 2010? †¢ Why does this amount differ from the 2010 sales figure? Ans:The amount of cash receipts from customers is 2010 is $237,522,000 The amount differ from the 2010 sales figures as not all customer pay cash on payment, some may pay on credit which result in account receivable. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 57]. PART B – Analysis of financial informa tion (12 marks) Question 1 (4 marks) Using the consolidated figures for Blackmores Ltd, calculate the following ratios for the years 2009 and 2010. Ratios are to be shown at one decimal place. You must show all your workings. (Where no workings are shown you will receive zero for this section): . Current ratio ii. Acid test ratio iii. Gearing ratio iv. Interest cover ratio Ans: Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities Acid ratio = Current assets (excluding inventory and prepayments) / Current liabilities Gearing ratio = Long-term liabilities / (Share capital + Reserves + Long-term liabilities) Interest cover ratio = Profit before interest and taxation / Interest Expense [Ref: School of Business, MBA 2011, ‘Introductory accounting’, Course Notes from ACCT2060_1160, ‘Lecture 6, Unit 6 – Financial Ratio Analysis’, Page102-107 , RMIT University, Melbourne] |Yr 2009 (Working) |Yr 2009 Ratio |Yr 2010 (Working) |Yr 2010 Ratio | |Current ratio |6 9,544 / 31,903 |2. 2 |82,985 / 34,457 |2. 4 | |Acid Test ratio |(69,544-16,072) / 31,903 |1. 7 |(82,985-22,555) / 34,457 |1. 8 | |Gearing ratio |48,043 / (58,563 + 48,043) |0. 5 |48,102 / (71,790 + 48,102) |0. | |Interest cover ratio |30,335 / 1,372 |22. 1 |36,746 / 2,442 |15. 0 | [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 53 and 55]. Question 2 (2 marks) You have been provided with the following information about another company, Company X, in the same industry as Blackmores Ltd: |COMPANY X | |Ratio |2010 |2009 | |Current ratio |2. |1. 8 | |Acid test ratio |1. 2 |1. 5 | |Gearing ratio |1. 2 |0. 8 | |Interest cover ratio (times) |10. 9 |13. 1 | Using the information above and the calculations in Part B Question 1, you are required to analyse the liquidity and financial gearing (leverage) of Blackmores Ltd and Company X by providing: ) a description of the movement in each of the ratios for Blackmores Ltd; b) a description of the movement in each of the ratios for Company X; c) an explanation of what each of these ratios tell you about Blackmores Ltd; d) an explanation of what each of these ratios tell you about Company X; Ans: A) The current ratio for Blackmores Ltd indicates that the company is experiencing a slight increase in current asset over current liability. The acid ratio for Blackmores Ltd indicates that the company has slight increase in current asset over the current liability excluding inventories.The gearing ratio for Blackmores Ltd indicates that the company has marginal increase in long term liability over equity. The interest cover ratio for Blackmores Ltd indicates that the company has increase in interest expense. B) The current ratio for Company X indicates that the company is experiencing a slight increase in current asset over current liability. The acid ratio for Company X indicates that the company has slight decline in current asset over the current liability excluding its inventories.The gearing ratio for Company X indicates that th e company has marginal increase in long term liability over equity. The interest cover ratio for Company X indicates that the company has increase in interest expense. C) In Blackmores Ltd current ratio, we see a 20cents increase in liquidity to repay for every 1 dollar of obligation in the next operating cycle. By zooming further into acid ratio test, it becomes clearer that the company has only a 10cents increase in liquidity to repay for every 1 dollar of obligation within 90days as it excludes inventories and prepayment.In gearing ratio, we can conclude that Blackmores Ltd has lowered their long term by 10cents per 1 dollar obligation. As for interest ratio, it reflects that Blackmores Ltd has to pay more interest on outstanding debt. D) In Company X current ratio, we see an increase in 30cents in liquidity to repay for every 1 dollar of obligation in the next operating cycle. Looking further into the acid ratio test, it becomes clearer that the company actually have a 30cents d ecline in liquidity to repay for every 1 dollar of obligation within 90days and we also can assume that the company has a lot of inventories or prepayments.In gearing ratio, we can assume that Company X has increased their long term liabilities in certain aspect. In interest cover ratio of Company X, it also reflects that Company X has to pay more interest on outstanding debt. Question 3 (2 marks) Assume you are considering becoming a creditor for Blackmores Ltd or Company X (from Part B Question 2 above). That is, you will only be providing credit to one of them. Explain which company you would prefer to provide goods to on credit and why you have chosen this company. You may consider both financial and non-financial information in making this decision.Ans: I would provide goods on credit to Blackmores Ltd because Blackmores Ltd has a higher ability to pay off obligations as compare to Company X reference from their current and acid ratio. Also, Blackmores Ltd shows that the compan y is relatively low in term of leverage shown from gearing ratio. Question 4(4 marks) Prepare a table similar to the table below. Complete the table by inserting information from Blackmores’ financial statements (consolidated figures). Calculate each item as a percentage (%) of sales revenue. Financial Item |2010 ($) |% |2009 ($) |% | |Sales |214,934,000 |100. 0 |200,314,000 |100. 0 | |Total expenses |180,347,000 |83. 9 |171,380,000 |85. 6 | |Promotional and other rebates |19,054,000 |8. 9 |18,581,000 |9. | |Raw materials and consumables used |65,748,000 |30. 6 |71,338,000 |35. 6 | |Employee benefits expense |48,179,000 |22. 4 |42,212,000 |21. 1 | |Selling and marketing expenses |19,134,000 |8. 9 |21,078,000 |10. 5 | |Net profit attributable to equity holders of the parent |24,297,000 |11. |20,782,000 |10. 4 | Refer to the table above to explain the performance of Blackmores in 2010 compared to 2009. Ans: Based on the above table, Blackmores Ltd performance in 2010 is has inc rease in sales by 7. 3% compared to 2009. By looking at the table, we can determine that the company has cut down on expenses. Particular area is the buying of raw materials and other consumables and marketing expenses. With these we can assume that marketing is successful. The other reason is because the company’s equity has increased as well.This means more dividends for the shareholder. [Ref: Blackmores AR Report August 2010, Page 53 and 55]. OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION Format and Presentation: The assignment needs to be presented and formatted according to the guidelines shown in this semester’s Course Guide. You need to ensure that the numeric answers you provide are accurate. For example, some figures are shown in thousands while others are not; showing an answer as $102 instead of $102,000 will result in a mark of zero for such a question as there is obviously quite a difference between these two figures.Also ensure that you read each question carefully as some questions will ask for a figure for a particular year and for either the Group (Consolidated) Financial Reports or the Parent Entity (Company). Referencing: As you will be using a company’s Annual Report as the basis for answering many of the questions asked in this assignment, you need to ensure that you acknowledge this in your assignment. In fact, any sources that you use need to be acknowledged in order to avoid plagiarism. Information on referencing can be found in the Guidelines for Referencing and Presentation at the RMIT website using the following address: (http://www. mit. edu. au/bus/students). A copy can also be found on the Blackboard under the Course Documents folder. From the Blackboard site there is also an online referencing resource that you might find useful. It can be found by following these links: External Links / Study and Learning Centre / Study Skills/Referencing/Referencing for Business Students. In-Text Referencing and the Reference List: Sources of information must be cited both in the body of the text (in-text referencing) and the end of the assignment (reference list). Failure to do so will result in penalties.Remember that when referencing an Annual Report it is a corporate document that does not have a particular author but it will still require referencing any time you use information from it. Any other documents or books or other references you use will also require referencing. Penalties Regarding Referencing: No in-text referencing – deduct 1. 5 marks Some in-text referencing only – deduct 1 mark No reference list – deduct 1. 5 marks Incomplete reference list – deduct 1 mark Policy on Late Submissions: The policy on late submissions can be found in the current semester’s course guide. ASSIGNMENT TOTAL – 20 Marks

Customer Retention Essay

The easiest way to grow your customers is not to lose them The average business loses around 20 percent of its customers annually simply by failing to attend to customer relationships. In some industries this leakage is as high as 80 percent. The cost, in either case, is staggering, but few businesses truly understand the implications. Imagine two businesses, one that retains 90 percent of its customers, the other retaining 80 percent. If both add new customers at the rate of 20 percent per year, the first will have a 10 percent net growth in customers per year, while the other will have none. Over seven years, the first firm will virtually double, while the second will have no real growth. Everything else being equal, that 10-percent advantage in customer retention will result in a doubling of customers every seven years without doing anything else. The consequences of customer retention also compound over time, and in sometimes unexpected ways. Even a tiny change in customer retention can cascade through a business system and multiply over time. The resulting effect on long-term profit and growth shouldn’t be underestimated. Marketing Wizdom can introduce you to a number of simple customer retention strstegies that will cost you little or nothing to implement. Behind each technique listed here there is an in-depth step-by-step process that will increase your customer retention significantly once implemented, and will have a massive impact on your business. 1. Reducing Attrition Virtually every business loses some customers, but few ever measure or recognise how many of their customers become inactive. Most businesses, ironically, invest an enormous amount of time, effort and expense building that initial customer relationship. Then they let that relationship go unattended, in some cases even losing interest as soon as the sale been made, or even worse, they abandon the customer as soon as an easily remedied problem occurs, only to have to spend another small fortune to replace that customer. The easiest way to grow your business is not to lose your customers. Once you stop the leakage, it’s often possible to double or triple your growth rate because you’re no longer forced to make up lost ground just to stand still. 2. Sell and then sell again So many people do an excellent job of making the initial sale, then drop the ball and get complacent, ignoring the customer, while they chase more business. Your selling has actually only just begun when someone makes that initial purchase decision because virtually everyone is susceptible to buyer’s remorse. To lock in that sale, and all of the referrals and repeat business that will flow from it, you need to strike while the iron is hot to allay your customers’ fears and demonstrate by your actions that you really care. You should thank them and remind them again why they’ve made the right decision to deal with you †¦ and put a system in place to sell to them again, and again, constantly proving that they made the right decision. 3. Bring back the â€Å"lost sheep† There’s little point in dedicating massive resources to generating new customers when 25-60% of your dormant customers will be receptive to your attempts to regenerate their business if you approach them the right way, with the right offer. Reactivating customers who already know you and your product is one of the easiest, quickest ways to increase your revenues. Re-contacting and reminding them of your existence, finding out why they’re no longer buying, overcoming their objections and demonstrating that you still value and respect them will usually result in a tremendous bounty of sales and drastically increased revenues in a matter of days †¦ and will lead to some of your best and most loyal customers. 4. Frequent Communications Calendar Avoid losing your customers by building relationships and keeping in touch using a rolling calendar of communications. This is a programmed sequence of letters, events, phone calls, â€Å"thank you’s†, special offers, follow-ups, magic moments, and cards or notes with a personal touch etc. that occur constantly and automatically at defined points in the pre-sales, sales and post-sales process. People not only respond to this positively, they really appreciate it because they feel valued and important. It acknowledges them, keeps them informed, offsets post-purchase doubts, reinforces the reason they’re doing business with you and makes them feel part of your business so that they want to come back again and again. 5. Extraordinary Customer Service The never-ending pursuit of excellence to keep customers so satisfied that they tell others how well they were treated when doing business with you. Moving the product or service you deliver into the realm of the extraordinary by delivering higher than expected levels of service to each and every customer. Key facets include: dedication to customer satisfaction by every employee; providing immediate response; no buck passing; going above and beyond the call of duty; consistent on-time delivery; delivering what you promise before AND after the sale; a zero-defects and error-free-delivery process and recruiting outstanding people to deliver your customer service. Extraordinary service builds fortunes in repeat customers, whereas poor service will drive your customers to your competition. 6. Courtesy system A powerful system that improves the interpersonal skills of your team and changes the spirit of your organisation. It involves speaking to colleagues politely and pleasantly, without sarcasm or parody, and treating them at least as well as you would want them to treat your customers. This will help your team to feel worthwhile and important, which makes for pleasant social contacts at work. It also motivates them to provide extraordinary service, encourages them to be consistently pleasant in all of their dealings and to relate to customers in a warm, human and natural manner. This results in better, warmer, stronger, more trusting relationships and longer term bonds with your customers. 7. Product or service integrity Long-term success and customer retention belongs to those who do not take ethical shortcuts. There must always be total consistency between what you say and do and what your customers experience. The design, build quality, reliability and serviceability of your product or service must be of the standard your customers want, need and expect. Service integrity is also demonstrated by the way you handle the small things, as well as the large. Customers will be attracted to you if you are open and honest with them, care for them, take a genuine interest in them, don’t let them down and practice what you preach †¦ and they will avoid you if you don’t. 8. Measure lifetime value There’s a vast difference between the one-off profit you might make on an average sale, which ignores the bigger picture, and the total aggregate profit your average customer represents over the lifetime of their business relationship with you. Once you recognise how much combined profit a customer represents to your business when they purchase from you again and again, over the months, years or decades, you’ll realise the critical importance of taking good care of your customers. And because you’ll understand just how much time, effort and expense you can afford to invest in retaining that customer, you’ll be in control of your marketing expenditure. 9. A complaint is a gift 96 percent of dissatisfied customers don’t complain. They just walk away, and you’ll never know why. That’s because they often don’t know how to complain, or can’t be bothered, or are too frightened, or don’t believe it’ll make any difference. Whilst they may not tell you what’s wrong, they will certainly tell plenty of others. A system for unearthing complaints can therefore be the lifeblood of your business, because customers who complain are giving you a gift, they’re still talking to you, they’re giving you another opportunity to return them to a state of satisfaction and delight them and the manner in which you respond gives you another chance to show what you’re made of and create even greater customer loyalty.

Japan and the Pacific Rim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Japan and the Pacific Rim - Essay Example According to economist, economy serves as the backbone of every country. This means that the economy disparity between the two countries will have little incentive to the South Korea government after the reunification. The economy of North Korea is terrible and in collapse. Therefore, everything that has to do with economic recovery for North Korea should be initiated, which include new infrastructure sufficient electrical power and such to reverse the negative economic growth that has prevailed for years. Workers in North Korea lack competence thus it is advisable to destroy the production capabilities for they are considerably not normalized in reference to international norm. Improvement of North Korea Economy through the stated issues and support from donors would convince South Korea to initiate talks towards reunification. It is important to end the fight that exists between North and South Korea since guns and swords cannot unite. They should be lead to the garden of love not the garden of power and falsehood, and through talks, it should be made known to them that they are siblings centered on common parents since fighting cannot reconcile these divisions. This means ending historical political differences. The two countries should be made to understand that the main aim of the unification is to generate external freedom, peace, happiness, and ideal on the foundation of unification. These ideas have not been given to the governments and with such ideas, recovered economy, and historical political peace, the unification will be

What Information Means Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

What Information Means - Essay Example Without access to information (inputs), development (output) will suffer. (Wagner, 2005) Thus, the critics emphasize the existence of â€Å"open† information (information not subject to proprietary rights, offering anyone access, anytime, for low or no cost) as a critical source of the informational inputs necessary for creative and technological progress which literally promotes the growth of humanity. The notion of Information helps us to answer some of the biggest questions which will be discussed in the later part of the dissertation. History of Information? Information is not only collection of knowledge but its organisation for efficient storage and retrieval. The impetus for development of information science can be traced to an article almost half a century ago by Vannevar Bush, one of the most influential scientists of the era (Bush, 1945). In this historic article Bush did two things: (l) succinctly defined a critical problem that was on the minds of many for a long time, and (2) proposed a solution that was a â€Å"technological fix,† in tune with time and strategically attractive. The problem was (and in its basic form still is) â€Å"the massive task of making more accessible a bewildering store of knowledge.† (Saracevic, 1995) This is the problem of â€Å"information explosion,† coupled with necessity to provide availability of and accessibility to relevant information, acute to this day. The reason for evolution of digital libraries was to use emerging information technology to combat the problem. But he went even further: he proposed a machine named "Memex", incorporating in his words "association of ideas", that will duplicate "mental processes artificially. "Ideas that will govern information science and artificial intelligence are quite evident. Memex never became a reality, but to this day R&D efforts in a number of fields have similar goals, to address the same problem of "bewildering store of knowledge." Information explosion is a social problem that started in science, and now has spread to every human endeavor. Justification for engaging massive efforts and resources to the problem was and still is strategic importance of information, first for work and progress in science, and now for everything else in modern human society, nationally and globally. Information Retrieval Information retrieval embraces the intellectual aspects of the description of information and its specification for search and also whatever systems, techniques or machines that are employed to carry out the operation (Mooers, 1951). Technology has skyrocketing abilities to get the job done but information storage has a background in this. Unless information is stored well it cannot be retrieved and is equal to restricting the information. Of the many changes and improvements probably the most significant is that Information Retrieval systems now provide for a high degree of interaction, with all the accompanying implications and problems of human-computer interaction. The basic problem of understanding information and communication,

Discussion 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 5 - Research Paper Example Pain medication usage should be carefully monitored to prevent overuse, abuse, and the possibility of addiction in both groups. The control group patients especially should be watched for the necessity of a referral to other pain management methods. Pain research studies also have the possibility of issues with informed consent due to a confounding of clinical treatment with research, which may be an issue with this study. Patients may join a pain study with the intent of accessing treatment or having their pain taken seriously. This reduces their ability to truly consent to the research (Wasan et al., 2009). A separate ethical issue that is not as relevant to the study at hand but is related to the ethics of pain research is the availability of pain management medications to all study participants regardless of the group they have been placed in for the research purposes (Drummond, 2009). Research considerations specific to the community involved also exist. The researcher must be a ware of the culture of the people they are studying and the effects this has on etiquette in that culture, to avoid offending the research subjects or contaminating their results. Cross-cultural researchers must also be careful to understand the heterogenity of a foreign culture, and to interpret their findings appropriately.

Free writing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free writing journal - Essay Example He was rich. He had a great a education. From the description of the speaker, we can assume that Richard Cory was also a very popular man who knew how to fairly treat people. Richard Cory was our dream. The characteristics that were presented in the poem indicates that there is much more than what we see from people we encounter everyday. We may not know it but our tough boss or our friendly traffic cop could have had a very bad childhood experience that tainted their view of the world as they were growing up. We would only see the outward appearance of the person and what they would like to portray. This shows that we all have masks, just like Richard Cory. That is why everyone was surprised when he committed suicide. We have different experiences, expectations and perspectives about our lives. But what is common between each one of us is the need for us to keep some things private. We choose what who we are in the eyes of other people. That is exactly the reason we should not judge anyone. And we should not assume that someone is happy or sad just because of what they are showing you. It’s just sad that we make the same mistake over and over. We never learn. Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy is about a girl who struggled to meet the social expectations of beauty. She was so obsessed with the idea of being beautiful that she was willing to sacrifice her own life just to achieve it. We are born with our natural beauty. But as we grow older, we are faced with the different expectations of beauty. Some societies see beauty as fair or white skin, high cheekbones and pointed nose. A slim figure is also another expectation of beauty. When you are heavy or fat or dark skinned or with thick curly hair, you are not a part of the beautiful circle in the society. Since we come from different societies, we have different expectations. It is a sad thing, though, to find a society that puts great bearing on the physical appearance of girls.

Government funding for education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Government funding for education - Essay Example Therefore, we come to the million dollar questions: How much is today’s government giving to the educational sector? How is the money distributed? Is it enough or more is needed? More importantly, why is government funding so important? First is the State Nursery School, which caters preschool students up to five years. These are usually attached to a primary school, run by the local education authority and are free (BBC, 2009). These centres are essential for high quality early learning and care for children. Realizing the importance, the government has announced extra funding for Nursery Schools in the form of free study hours. News headings flashed across the screens of all leading news channels around the globe in not so recent past: â€Å"Childrens Minister Beverley Hughes has pledged  £340m to extend the entitlement from 12.5 to 15 hours a week† (BBC, 2007). Second and Third Levels are occupied by Primary Schools and High Schools. They, too, are a part of public education. According to the Encyclopaedia Wikipedia, public education is defined as: â€Å"Education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. â€Å" These schools are funded by the Central Government through the local authority according to a range of formulae based on the number and range of each school’s pupils. This is commonly known as delegated funding. Lots has it been put into the development of education at this level. In June 2002, the minister of Education and Young People announced a 1.15 billion package of investment through fifteen public private partnership projects to build schools. In March of 2003, a further of 748 million was pledged to the above mentioned investment package (SEED, 20 04). Next comes the higher education-college and

What stressors exist for incarcerated women Essay

What stressors exist for incarcerated women - Essay Example Religious groups have shown constant and persistent interest in working with the incarcerated people in jail to help bring about their rehabilitation. Evidently, this is evident as many terms that are currently associated with the prisons came about from the efforts made by the people of faith in the 18th century. These are terms like the reformatory, rehabilitation and the penitentiary. This was in an effort to ensure that the inmates fully reformed while serving their jail term (Lazzari, 2005). The faith-based organizations provide in-house ministries, mentorship of the inmates, bible studies and even preparing the inmates for their release. However, these faith-based organizations require volunteer ship and participation from the inmates. A study by Camp and Associates in 2006; however, revealed that females, blacks and Hispanics were less likely to volunteer in these organizations. Evidently, this is because of many challenges and stresses that these women undergo. Incarcerated women faced a lot of challenges and stresses during their imprisonment period. These challenges range from both physical and mental stresses. Evidently, women conditions and life at the prisons were characterized by unsafe environments, which ranged from lack of proper sanitation facilities. The prisons had inadequate or very few sewage and bathing facilities and systems (Cobbina, 2010). The incarceration period was also greatly marred with hard physical labor and in most cases; the women oversaw corporal punishment. In addition to this, there was no medical care for the offenders who posed a great risk and worried mostly to the pregnant offenders. The women with mental health problems were held in a solitary confinement something that posed a great stress to the offenders (Lazzari, 2005). To help the women deal with these problems, the authors stress on the need of the use of faith based organizations. The faith-based programs are seen to

Application of Enginerring Principles Coursework

Application of Enginerring Principles - Coursework Example Due to centrifugal force, clean mud overflows, and the waste particles (together with some amount of fluid) enters the mesh through the bottom outlet of the hydrocyclone. The vibrating mesh further sieves the unwanted particles out, leaving only the pure mud suspension to pass through it. Hence pure mud suspension is obtained. The efficiency of the mud cleaner and the range of sizes of the waste particles that may be sieved out, depends on many factors like cone angle, diameter of the inlet, diameter of overflow pipe, diameter of the bottom outlet of hydrocyclone, the fineness of the mesh, vibration characteristics of the mesh, viscosity and density of the fluid, density and size of the waste particles etc. b) The three components where angular motion is involved are: hydrocyclone, pump, drill pipe. Hydrocyclone Here, the centrifugal force that is a characteristic of a system having angular motion is utilized to separate coarser and finer suspended particles. In hydrocyclones, viscou s forces are also produced by the angular motion. Because of the difference in densities of the suspended waste particles and the fluid, there will be difference in the centrifugal forces each of these subjected to. This difference in the centrifugal force is responsible for the separation of coarser waste particles and finer (required) particles that are suspended in the fluid. ... ncing has to be done properly, bearings have to be selected properly, lubrication should be taken care of, centrifugal forces (and centrifugal stresses) should be considered while designing the components, blade reactions have to be considered for pumps. Drill pipe Many a times drill pipes rotate and the rotation is greatly responsible for the cutting. But sometimes, even when the rotation of the drill pipe is not the main force behind drilling, a slight rotation of the drilling pipe is necessary for a successful drilling. As with any rotating components (which have angular motion), balancing has to be considered while designing drilling pipes. In addition, buckling should also be taken note of. c) Velocity distribution in a drill pipe during the first stage is given by (cm/s) (1) Differentiating (1); The acceleration, (2) (i) When acceleration is minimum, Hence, from (2), (3) Solving (3), When acceleration is minimum, Hence, Hence, (ii) Assuming that the acceleration is proportional to the velocity during the whole period; Final velocity in a further 35 second = Final velocity after (20 + 35) second = Final velocity after 55 second = (12%/20)*55 = 33% increase in the velocity (iii) To get the displacement profile for the first stage, integrating (1); Displacement (4) where c is a constant The displacement profile is a fourth order polynomial during the first stage. The displacement profile may be obtained by plotting (4) using MATLAB. The profile looks similar to Figure 2. Figure 2. Displacement Profile for the First Stage To get the velocity profile for the second stage, acceleration proportional to velocity during the whole period of the second stage implies that the velocity variation during this stage is exponential. The profile looks similar to Figure 3. Figure

The issues that face the well-known clothes brands to open new stors Research Proposal

The issues that face the well-known clothes brands to open new stors in Perth City In Western Australia - Research Proposal Example As such, it will outline some of the factors that they should put into consideration, as well as the strategies that they must employ in order to capture the market and have a controlling share of the sales volume (Aage and Belussi 2008, p.45). The key objective of this research proposal is to determine the issues that face well-known clothes brands when they want to open new clothes stores in Perth City located in Western Australia. In identifying these issues, the research proposal will provide prospective investors with an avid avenue to invest in the city. Some of the key areas of research to cover include (Ambrose, Cohen and Tannenbaum 2003, p.17). This research comes at the backdrop of an increase in the entrants of new players in the fashion industry within Perth city. The city is located in Western Australia and lies within one of the largest metropolis in Australia (Mathur 2001, p.133). As such, the high population of people living in this city creates a viable opportunity for the market players to take advantage of and maximize their sales volume, thereby increasing their profits. It is among the most isolated cities in the world, with a calm and presentable habitat hosting over one and half a million residents. The city also lies along the coastal line and has beautiful beaches that define the lifestyle of the city adequately as a safe, quiet and laid-back city (Balmer 2008, p.182). As such, fashion investors need to consider these lifestyle practices and trends of city dwellers in order to determine the best fashions to market within the city. It is always advisable for the suppliers to provide customers with what they demand, rather than what they feel the customers might want to use(McCracken 1986, p.71). For instance, because of the long sprawling beaches and hot afternoons, the fashion industries can invest

Should Women Be Allowed in Combat Essay Example for Free

Should Women Be Allowed in Combat Essay For centuries our women have been going into combat, so how come all of a sudden the conflict on whether they should or shouldn’t has become such an uproar. When the women in tribes fought over food and men during our beginnings, those women were undoubtedly in combat. And as the centuries went on, women warriors were not considered that unusual, for example at least 400 women soldier fought in the civil war along side their male comrades, only to be know there gender once killed. So how is it that in today’s society, we are so caught up with the though of women making their way into a male dominant world. Some say it is that women could not deal with the emotions of killing another human being, that we are not mentally strong enough to handle the conditions of a war zone, and although physically they may not be a mans equal but when shooting a gun and being shot at there is no difference. Statistics have not been able to prove that men would be better at the military jobs, but only that history shows the solitary members of the army being men. However with modern technology warfare has greatly evolved and it relies more on So how is that our on There fore howcome, our main arugment is that â€Å"women are not strong enough to fight, women are not capable of the emotions brought through war† This helps to show that women in combat are nothing new, and it is only modern times that we have thought of women as fragile and over emotional. Real women have saved lives, gone in to space, fought wars, invented, financed and designed everything from nuclear fission to radium, and from DNA to COBOL. Real women have overcome as many, if not more, obstacles and hardships than have men. Women pioneered, starved, reigned, battled, spied, strategized, and taught, doctored, nursed, reared families, started churches, and won political rights, yet few magazines, books, movies and television productions tell these stories. Its not a gender thing, its not a sex thing, its not a strength thing a highly trained, highly intelligent, strongly motivated person can do any job the military has to offer and do it well. After all, the Amazons didnt cut off their breasts any more than the Legion of Thebes cut off their testicles and both groups won battles galore! Women have been fighting for the right to be seen mentally and physically equal to the men in the Military, however how can they be seen as equal when the basic physical test has been altered so there is a chance for some women to be accepted in. Women on average only have 60% of the physical strength of men, and when put to the test the top 20% of women equaled to the bottom 20% of men. Men are taught to honor and protect women, boys are taught not to hits girls. I think this makes good sense and is an essential element of our civilization. Sending women into combat utter destroys those values and morals. Women are not suited by temperament or by physical characteristics for the highly aggressive, ultra-violent pursuit of victory in battle. Much of an army’s success depends upon intimidation of the enemy. A force composed of women is far less intimidating than one consisting of macho men. Intimidation of the enemy saves lives in wartime. Already, the side effects of abandoning traditional female sterotypes – likes the notiona that giels are extremely sensitive or have a unique role in nurturing an protecting children are apparent however girls are increasing becoming more in touch with their aggreseive instincest, leading to more girl on girl physical violence. Women should have every right to serve the country, however I do feel that service should stop when it come to front line battle. And those determined to make it to the front line should have to meet the exact same physical and mental critera of those as men. Australia is so terrified of being accused for sexism that we refuse to acknowledge that most of us shudder to the idea and thought of women being sent of to war. If a draft was reinstated, the women who have so called fought to show how men and women can be equal have now placed every other women in a position they were not fighting for.

Total Quality Management Deming Prize Management Essay

Total Quality Management Deming Prize Management Essay The Deming prize is an award given to the company that has highest continued development of quality control in Japan. It was established by the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) in December 1950 to appreciate and honor of Dr. William Edwards Deming for his contribution in quality control and development of Statistical Quality of Control in Japanese industry.http://www.juse.or.jp/e/deming/75/images/medal_deming.gif This award have high role in supporting the Total Quality Management (TQM) in many ways. Firstly this award acts as a catalyst for companies in Japan on implementing TQM. They will develop a new and effective quality management method for their own benefit. If the method have major influence directly or indirectly on the development of quality control, then they will established the method for implementation and can be practice by others company. For a company, getting Deming prize award is an advantage for them because it will lift up their reputation among others competitor on eyes of client. Besides this award can measure their achievement in continuous improvement further implementing the Total Quality Management (TQM). CONTENT 1 There are three categories of award, The Deming Prize for Individuals, The Deming Application Prize or Deming Prize and The Quality Control Award for Operation Business Unit. The Deming Application Prize given to companies or divisions of companies that have achieved distinctive performance improvement through the application of TQM in a designated year while The Deming Prize for Individuals given to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the study of TQM or statistical methods used for TQM, or individuals who have made outstanding contributions in the dissemination of TQM. [1] Then for The Quality Control Award for Operations Business Units is given to operations business units of a company that have achieved distinctive performance improvement through the application of quality control/management in the pursuit of TQM in a designated year. [2] There is also The Deming Application Prize for Overseas Companies. In 1984, overseas companies can apply for Deming prize with established of the Deming Application Prize Administrative Regulation. Then in 1997, it was change to enable overseas companies to apply for the Quality Control Award for Operations Business Units. [3] Nowadays, The Deming Application Prize, the Quality Control Award for Operations Business Units, and the Japan Quality Medal are open to overseas companies. However, the Deming Prize for Individuals is open only to Japanese candidates. There are three type of organization that has implemented TQM qualified for receiving the Deming Prize. They are: Customer-oriented business objectives and strategies are established in a positive manner according to the management philosophy, type of industry, business scale, and business environment with the clear management belief. TQM has been implemented properly to achieve business objectives and strategies as mentioned in Item 1 above. The business objectives and strategies in the Item 1 above have been achieving effects as an outcome of the Item 2 above. After an organization applies for this award, they will go through 2 examinations. First is the document examination that is based on the description of TQM Practice and if pass the document examination then they will have an on-site examination. Committee will judge on the evaluation criteria and reports the result to the Deming Prize Committee. Once they determine the winner, they will publish with the reason why the organization receives the prize followed by the award ceremony. CONTENT 2 The Deming Application Prize is given to an applicant company that effectively practices TQM suitable to its management principles, type of industry, and business scope. More specifically, the following viewpoints are used for the examination to determine whether or not the applicant should be awarded the Prize. Policy Policies pursued for management quality, and quality control Method of establishing policies Justifiability and consistency of policies Utilization of statistical methods Transmission and diffusion of policies Review of policies and the results achieved Relationship between policies and long- and short-term planning Organizational and its management Explicitness of the scopes of authority and responsibility Appropriateness of delegations of authority Interdivisional cooperation Committees and their activities Utilization of staff Utilization of QC Circle activities Quality control diagnosis Education and dissemination Education programs and results Quality- and control-consciousness, degrees of understanding of quality control Teaching of statistical concepts and methods, and the extent of their dissemination Grasp of the effectiveness of quality control Education of related company (particularly those in the same group, sub-contractors, consignees, and distributers) QC circle activities System of suggesting ways of improvements and its actual conditions Collection and use of information of quality Collection of external information Transmission of information between divisions Speed of information transmission (use of computers) Data processing statistical analysis of information and utilization of the results Analysis Selection of key problems and themes Propriety of the analytical approach Utilization of statistical methods Linkage with proper technology Quality analysis, process analysis Utilization of analytical results Assertiveness of improvement suggestions Standardization Systematization of standards Method of establishing, revising, and abolishing standards Outcome of the establishment, revision, or abolition of standards Contents of the standards Utilization of statistical methods Accumulation of technology Utilization of standards Control Systems for the control of quality and such related matters as cost and quantity Control items and control points Utilization of such statistical control methods as control charts and other statistical concepts Contribution to performance of QC circle activities Actual conditions of control activities State of maters under control Quality assurance Procedure for the development of new products and services (analysis and upgrading of quality, checking of design, reliability, and other properties) Safety and immunity from product liability Customer satisfaction Process design, process analysis, and process control and improvement Process capability Instrumentation, gauging, testing, and inspecting Equipment maintenance, and control of subcontracting, purchasing, and services Quality assurance system and its audit Utilization of statistical methods Evaluation and audit of quality Actual state of quality assurance Result Measurements of results Substantive results in quality, services, delivery time, cost, profits, safety, environments, etc. Intangible results Measures for overcoming defects Planning for the future Grasp of the present state of affairs and the concreteness of the plan Measures for overcoming defects Plans for further advances Linkage with the long-term plans Effect of the Deming Prize From the date of establishment until now there more than 200 organizations have receive/awarded the Deming Prize. Study and information from these prize winner organizations show that there are several positive effects impact of been awarded with Deming Prize. Quality Stabilization and Improvement Concept of quality and controlling business activities with reduction of part defects, service defects, installation defect and market claim have allowed organization to provide customer with quality products and services that are matched with customer requirements and organization policies. Due to this improvement many organizations have acquired a world-class reputation. Productivity Improvement/Cost Reduction Activities such as lower manufacturing defects, increased customer satisfaction, reduce man-hour and improve production control systems have also enhanced productivity. Expanded Sales With strengthen their management system have contribute to capture new customer and market which have improved customer satisfaction and result in increased sales. Increased Profits By improvement cost reduction and expand sales of course will increased profit for the organization. This shows implementing TQM will result of highly cost effective business performance. Thorough Implementation of Management Plans/Business Plans In order to secure profits, the management or business plan plans must base on the profit plans. By analyze historical business performance can improve the deficiency and will efficiently policies and objective of business plans. Realization of Top Managements Dreams To realize top managements dream the main factor that hold this is the organization culture and tradition or the habit. Top management at these organizations often pleasantly states, We were able to achieve at once many things we had wanted to accomplish for years. [4] TQM by Total Participation and Improvement of the Organizational Constitution Some top management says, Through challenging for the Deming Prize, we became convinced that it is possible for us to accomplish anything when all our employees cooperate. We have become much better at interdepartmental communications and cross functional management. [5] Others than that are Heightened Motivation to Manage and Improve as Well as to Promote Standardization, Uniting Total Organizational Power and Enhancing Morale and Establishment of Various Management Systems and the Total Management System CONTENT 3 In order to check for effectiveness of something or some method, people usually tend to compared with others method that is closed to it. Same goes to The Deming Prize. Here I will compare and differentiate the Deming Prize with the Baldrige Award and ISO 9000. Basis Baldrige Award Deming Prize ISO 9000 Purpose Encourage sharing of competitiveness learning and drive this learning nationally Award companies that continually apply company-wide quality control based on statistical quality control Provide common basis for assuring buyers that specific practices, including documentation conform with providers state quality systems Focus Customer satisfaction prevention of quality problems Customer satisfaction prevention of quality problems Conformity to practices specified in the registrants own quality system Eligibility Limited to U.S. companies only Individuals, factories and divisions or small companies worldwide Companies, divisions and facilities around the world Time frame 1 year cycles renew after 5 years 2 to 5 years preparation with JUSE apply when ready Takes 6 to 12months depending on starting point and urgency Information sharing Winners required to share nonproprietary information on quality strategies with other US organizations Dissemination of information is voluntary and minimal Registrants have no obligations to share information with others The actual Deming Prize which is provided to businesses offers a good impact directly and indirectly within the improvement high quality management within the Japanese. The Deming winning firms from the Toyota group represented companies with significantly more experience in TQM on average prior to competing for the Deming Prize than the rest of our sample. Further, we suggested that the degree of experience in TQM could play a moderating role in the relationship between winning a quality award and firm performance. For example, researchers have found that while the phenomenon of the winners curse rarely dissipates, it can diminish in size (Lindand Plott, 1991). In one study, Hanson and Lott (1991) found that reducing the uncertainty over an items value can decrease the average price paid by the winners. Therefore, the reduction of uncertainty appears to have a moderating effect on the size of the winners curse. Further, Lind and Plott (1991) found that in winners curse situations, experience is related to the degree of uncertainty reduction. Specifically, the more experience a firm has with the item that it is bidding for, the more efficient and ef fective those firms are in providing the winning bid. It would seem reasonable to suggest that the degree of experience a firm has with TQM, the more efficient and effective they could be in bidding for a quality award. Further, it is also reasonable to argue that firms with more experience in TQM prior to competing for a quality award will not have to focus as exclusively on winning to the degree that an inexperienced firm would. Therefore, experience would also have a moderating effect on the dangers of simplicity. In sum, by moderating the effects of both the dangers of simplicity and the winners curse, experience would have a moderating influence on the relationship between winning a quality award and firm performance. More specifically, the more experience the firm in TQM prior to competing for a quality award, the less likely they will be adversely affected by the dangers of simplicity and the winners curse and thus the more likely they will experience improvements in performance after winning a quality award. Conversely, the less experience the firm in TQM has prior to competing for a quality award the more likely is it that they will be adversely affected by the dangers of simplicity and the winners curse and thus the more likely that these firms will experience performance shortfalls after winning a quality award. CONCLUSION In my opinion, The Deming Prize has major contribution in affect the implementation of the TQM among the companies. People tend to seek for this award by making improvement involve of all company from top management to general worker. If they dont win the award but their own achievement is not a waste. Other than that, an organization that have implemented of TQM will gain improvement in productivity, cost reduction and stability of quality besides expand sales and increased profit. REFERENCE [1] Anshuman Sharma, Kushal Rastogi, Priya Rajvansh, Deming Prize [2] Anshuman Sharma, Kushal Rastogi, Priya Rajvansh, Deming Prize [3] http://deming.org/index.cfm?content=511 /11 December 2012 / 9.12a.m. [4] Introduction of the Deming prize 2012 for overseas. Gary Dessler, Dana L. Farrow Implementing a Successful Quality Improvement Programme in a Service Company: Winning the Deming Prize T. Fasil, H. Osada An Empirical Study on Deming Prize Winners from India and Thailand Graduate School of Innovation Management, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Anthony L. Iaquinto Can winners be losers? The case of the Deming prize for quality and performance among large Japanese manufacturing firms (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() The W. Edwards Deming Institute Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) http://www.juse.or.jp/e/deming/index.html http://deming.org/index.cfm?content=51

Hierarchy of Human Needs and Goal Setting Theory

Hierarchy of Human Needs and Goal Setting Theory Introduction As the increasing concern of how to achieve performance excellence through employees, most of the organizations now pay more attentions on the means of motivating employees, such as incentives, rewards. Kreitner (2004) quoted Mitchells definition of motivation which refers to those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed. Different motivation theories guide the ways of encouraging people to make effort and exploit their ability for the organizations goal and meeting their own needs; also, they suggest the factors resulting in job satisfaction and their influence on employee performance (Armstrong, 2006). This essay attempts to explore the motivator and the process of motivation by a critical review of motivation theories; moreover, it examines the theories through a questionnaire research in terms of what people are motivated and how they are motivated. Thereby, it leads to a further discussion of the appl ication of motivation theory in practice. Literature Review As Armstrong (2006) states motivating people refers to encourage them to work toward the expected direction, motivation in organizations aims at creating a context and undertaking a motivation process in which individuals work and provide the performance according to the managerial expectations. The process of motivation is described as a needs-oriented model that goes through four stages: need, goal setting, action and achievement (Armstrong, 2006). It is suggested that people are aware of the unsatisfied needs consciously or unconsciously; and then the desire of satisfying the needs enables the establishment of goal (Latham, 2007). To achieve the goal by taking actions is believed will meet the needs. If the goal is obtained successfully, the same actions are likely to be repeated for satisfying the needs (Latham, 2007). In this way, the process of the motivation is completed. The theory of motivation is divided into two main categories C content theory and process theory. Content theory interprets the insights of peoples needs and explores the factors that motivate people (Foster, 2005). It emphasizes the intrinsic elements that energize, direct and endure behaviour; also, it explains how these elements are valued as internal motivators by individuals (Porter, Bigley Steers, 2003). There are four primary content theories of motivation at work, including Maslows hierarchy of need, Alderfers ERG (existence-relatedness-growth) theory, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene model and McClellands learned needs theory (Porter, Bigley Steers, 2003). Content theory C Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs Among these theories, Maslows hierarchy of human needs is the most famous one connecting peoples needs to motivation. According to this theory, individuals needs are categorized as deficiency needs and growth needs. Deficiency needs are the basic needs that must be satisfied; it contains three levels C physiological, safety and security, belongingness. The physiological needs are at the bottom of Maslows hierarchy theory. That is to say, all other needs are out of peoples consideration until the physiological needs are satisfied (Latham, 2007). The implication of physiological needs at work may include lunch break, rest break, sufficient wage to support daily essentials (NetMBA, 2007). Safety and security needs arise for protecting oneself from threats and harm either physically or emotionally on condition that physiological needs are satisfied. In the context of work, safety and security needs can be reflected through a safe working environment, retirement benefit, job security, etc (NetMBA, 2007). Since the two lower needs are satisfied, people are continuously seeking higher needs; thus the desire of interaction and communication with other people emerges. Belongingness needs covers this extent of peoples needs that receiving and giving love, and belonging to a group. Growth needs refer to the advancement and achievement of individuals potential; it includes self-esteem and self-actualization (Foster, 2005). Growth needs are indeterminate but higher than deficiency needs. Maslows theory assumes that higher needs will be the focus of the individuals attention and become dominant when the lower needs are satisfied (Armstrong, 2006). Self-esteem needs classified as internal and external. The desires for achievement, confidence, freedom and independence come from oneself. The external esteem is about the desire of attention, importance, recognition and reputation (Armstrong, 2006). Self-actualization implies the needs to maximum ones potential and advance skills, and the needs to achieve higher goals that one considers one is capable for it (Armstrong, 2006). Self-esteem and self-actualization lie on the top two layers of the pyramid of Maslows theory. Although they may be difficult to accomplish, they are the greatest drive for individual behaviour. However, Maslows theory is also questioned by other scholars for two points. Firstly, as Armstrong (2006) points out, the priority of different needs is varied with individual. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory indicates that people follow this hierarchy of needs steadily. Nevertheless, different people may have different need to be satisfied as their priority. There are two researches conducted among a group of managers from different organizations for examining Maslows theory. Lawler and Suttles research found managers predominant needs at the higher level are varied with individual (Koontz and Weihrich, 2006). In another research, Hall and Nougaim found little evidence to support the theory of hierarchy as managers increasing attention on growth needs is mostly determined by the changes in upward careers instead of the satisfaction of lower-order needs (Koontz and Weihrich, 2006). Process theory C Goal Setting Theory As it has been mentioned, content theories are about what people are motivated. Simply, process theories suggest the means that people are motivated. They concentrate on the process of peoples decision-making and the actions they take in order to attain the expected goals (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007). Process theory of work motivation has three major theories: equity theory, expectancy theory and goal-setting theory. Goal-setting theory states individual motivation and performance can be enhanced through setting a specific goal on condition that the goal is challenging but committed, and along with a feedback on performance (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009). From the management perspective, goal is used as an effective means to manage motivation and to control organization performing in relation to the expected result (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009). It also helps organizations to interpret and forecast employees work behaviour as the theory assumes behaviour is the outcome of sensible goals and purpose(Koontz and Weihrich, 2006). Goal-settig theory contains four major propositions: challenging goals, specific goals, participation and knowledge of results (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007). The four major propositions are regarded as the fundamental elements of goal-setting theory that mostly contribute to higher level performance (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Challenging goals are more likely to cause desirable performance. Once people commit the goal and believe it is achievable, they become goal-oriented; and they take actions for goal achievement (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Difficult goals require more effective outcome of behaviour than easy ones. Further, specific goals administer to higher level performance than general ones; for reasons of providing precise plan that people work upon. Participation in goal-setting theory is an important part as it is a proper way to get agreement on setting higher goals (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). In this way, people are willing to make effort to accomplish the goals. Knowledge of results or feedback is playing the role of informing people of the results and maintaining motivation for higher goals (Armstrong, 2006). Theoretically, goal-setting is an effective method for organizations to managing work motivation and achieving high goals. However, it is doubted of its effectiveness out of laboratory setting (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Austin and Bobko point out goal-setting is likely to focus on quantity of work rather than quality of it as quantity is more measurable and clearer than quality when setting goals (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Moreover, there may be conflicts among different goals in the real work context. To decide which goal is prior means to ignore or reserve the other goals. Thereby, the application of goal-setting is weakened (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Besides, goal-setting theory is limited to individual work and performance. In practice, group goals and performance, especially a companys goals and performance account for more importance (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Crown and Rose found setting group goals can enhance the performance of the group; and the group goals are consisted of individual goals agreed by individuals (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Therefore, goal-setting theory is suggested to be applied to group or organizations as whole rather than stick on individual levels. Research Data Analysis The research aims to find out what people are motivated in the workplace and in which way they are motivated on the basis of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and goal-setting theory. The data is collected through questionnaire from ten respondents. The first part of questionnaire is developed for exploring the motivators according to Maslows theory. The core proposition of Maslows theory is that peoples needs have five stages from low to high forming the hierarchy. Five specific items indicate the five levels of needs: reasonable wage, job security, employee relationships, achievement and recognition, opportunity of upward career (see appendix 1, Question 2). The research data presents that respondents give priority on different items. Reasonable wage implies the physiological needs which are the basic needs that must be satisfied. There are sixty percent of respondents ranking it as their priority; twenty percent rank job security (which represents safe and security needs) as their primary needs. Interestingly, twenty percent of respondents rank the theoretically top needs opportunity of upward career (which represents self-actualization needs) as their prime needs. For a further investigation on this question, a cross-tabulation is used in order to find out the relationship between the priority of needs and the role in a group. The data shows who play the role of doer and shaper in a group consider physiological needs are primary; who take the leader positions in a group attach more importance on higher needs, e.g. self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Moreover, the responses on Question 4 (see appendix 1) show there are certain percentage of respondents are willing to work under unfavourable conditions when they believe there is something valuable to them. From this point, it can hardly support Maslows theory that people have higher needs when their lower needs are satisfied. Reviewing Armstrongs doubt on Maslows hierarchy of needs, he points out that the priority of different needs is varied with individual. Therefore, peoples needs do not follow Maslows hierarchy strictly. Also, the data reveals that physiological needs, safe and securit y needs, and self-actualization needs are the top motivators among the respondents. The second part of questionnaire attempts to understand how people are motivated to deliver high-level performance. The questions are designed base on the theory of goal-setting. Seventy percent of responses show goals are able to improve the performance (see Appendix 1, Question 5). The other responses upon the points that specific goals, participation and knowledge of results lead to enhancement of performance positively support the theory of goal-setting (see Appendix 1, Question 7, 89). That is to say, most of respondent believe challenging goals and specific goals helps them to deliver an enhanced performance, and participation in goal-setting endows them the willingness to work toward the goals; finally feedback is regarded as a vital means to know how well they have been, also a form of motivator. Question 6 (see appendix 1) exposes the potential issue of application of goal-setting theory. It cannot be denied the possibility that people would accept higher goals if their lowe r needs are at risk of satisfaction. When such situation occurs, people acceptance of higher goal is reluctant. This may fails to produce an expected performance as the goal probably is exorbitant or the person is less motivated. Austin and Bobko argue that goal-setting theory concentrate on quantity rather than quality (Armstrong, 2006). The responses collected from ten respondents also point to this limitation. This issue can be perceived in different contexts. For instance, quantity can be understood as the number of product produced by individual workers or groups. In this situation, the goals set for individual or group have limited effectiveness on product quality. Yet, when quantity stands for the amount of money, for example sales amount, goal-setting theory is still effective on work motivation relating to the organization performance. An Evaluation of Motivation Theory in Practice In the literature review part, the proposition of Maslows hierarchy of needs represented the content theory of motivation has been explained. Also the limitation of this theory is discussed. Through the research, the weaknesses of Maslows theory are further exposed; especially the concept of hierarchy of needs is strict. Nonetheless, Maslows theory of needs helps organizations to have the idea of the basic nature of human motives (Porter, Bigley and Steers, 2003). Knowing the needs theory, Managers are able to manage work motivation by creating a work environment that aims to satisfy employees needs (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2005). Goal-setting theory is introduced to organization management as known as Management by Objectives (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2005. It is broadly applied in the organizations for its strengths of guiding and directing individuals to work toward the goal; and of providing indicators for performance evaluation (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2005). Goal setting is a process of advancing, negotiating and set objectives that challenge the individuals as well as the organizations. Therefore, as Crown and Rose state, setting group goals is more important than individual goals (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). The group goals are consisted of several individual goals that are agreed by individuals (Arnold and Silvester, 2005). Therefore, the process of achieving group goals actually is the process of attaining group members individual goals. Thus, individual performance and group performance can be advanced through goal achievement. Conclusion Motivation is described as a process that needs-oriented pass through four stages: need, goal setting, action and achievement. Content theory helps to identify the elements that are able to motivate people. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory recognized five levels of peoples needs. By knowing the needs, organizations are able to motivate employee to deliver high level performance through satisfying their needs. Process theory is regarding to the methods of motivation. Goal-setting is an effective way in modern organization management. It identifies the relationship between goal and performance. It advocates that challenging and specific goal, participation and feedback can result in high level performance. Although goal-setting theory is argued that it focuses on individual goal and performance, it also can be employed in groups or organization. Further, setting group goals can improve the whole performance rather than individual. Therefore, it is sophisticate and effective way for wo rk motivation in modern organizations. REFERENCE Armstrong, M., (2006), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 10th ed, Kogan Page Limited Arnold, J. and Silvester, J., (2005), Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace, 4th ed, Pearson Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., and Pitsis, T., (2005), Managing and Organizations: An Introduction to theory and Practice, SAGE Foster, N., (2005), Maximum Performance: A Practical Guide to Leading and Managing People at Work, Edward Elgar Publishing Griffin, R. W. and Moorhead, G., (2009), Organizational Behaviour: Managing People and Organizations, 9th ed, Cengage Learning Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. A., (2007), Organization Behaviour: An Introduction Text, 6th ed. Pearson Kreitner, R. and Kinicki, A., (2004), Organizational Behavior, 6th ed, McGraw-Hill Koontz, H. and Weihrich, H., (2006), Essentials of Management, 7th ed, Tata McGraw-Hill Latham, G. P., (2007), Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research and Practice, SAGE Publication, Inc. Porter, L. W., Bigley, G. A. and Steers, R. M., (2003) Motivation and Work Behaviour, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill NetMBA, (2007), Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, NetMBA.com, Last accessed on 1st November at URL: http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/

The Ever-Changing Malcolm X - AKA The Infamous Detroit Red :: Biography Biographies Bio

The Infamous Detroit Red and the Ever-changing Malcolm X In a time full of zoot suits and whiskey bars, it was only natural that a youth would get caught up with the current trends. For Malcolm Little, life was all about his "image," or what he wanted people to see him as. Throughout his life he spent his time identifying who he really was and what he felt in his heart to be right. Throughout certain periods, he allowed outside circumstances to influence the way he felt about things, yet in the end, he was able to come to his own conclusion about his life, and the lives of his fellow men. Early after his childhood, Malcolm moved to Harlem, New York, where he decided from then on that he wanted to pursue the life of a hustler. During that time, the lifestyle of the rich and famous was glamorized and for Malcolm, that was the life for him. He soon adopted the name "Detroit Red," in the fact that he lived close to Detroit and he had unmistakable red hair. Malcolm soon immersed himself in the streets of Harlem, becoming more and more acknowledged around town for robbery, pimping and drug dealing. Eventually he gained the mentality that in order to survive in his world, he had to look out for himself, and only himself. His life of crime eventually caught up with him, and in 1946 he was arrested and sentenced to seven years in prison. It seemed that in prison, his life made a sudden change, he realized that in order to truly free himself, he could not rely on his street smarts, and hustling ways. It was then that he immersed himself in the teachings of Elijah M uhammad. During his stay in prison, Malcolm continually lashed out at the guards and fellow inmates. After realizing that this would never get him anywhere, he began to study the teachings of Islam. With the aid of a fellow convict he cam to the mindset that it was his new mission in life to convert fellow blacks in order to unify them as a people. He felt that there was no real way that blacks and whites could come to a mutual agreement in America, and the only solution would be a great Diaspora back to his "homeland" of Africa.

An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet    In Hamlet, the majority of the comic relief is dark and depressing. The main character is obsessed with death and makes morbid jokes about old age, deception, and corpses. This side of the character is shown so that the reader can understand how much this disturbs the prince. The result of this is a play with some very depressing scenes. Hamlet's negative attitude gives way to many sadistic jests at the events surrounding him. He tells his friend Horatio that the food brought for the funeral was served at the wedding, also. This joke is sad because Hamlet is still grieving while he is forced to endure the pungent incestuous image of his mother sharing a bed with his uncle. This disturbing time for him leads to most of his depressing humor. His family's blatant deception causes him to state sarcastically that if the world is honest, then the end of the world must be near. The reader can identify with Hamlet's feelings of bitterness and disillusionment because of his sarcastic reactions. Fairly soon after, Polonius becomes the object of Hamlet's ridicule. The appearance of this aspect of humor is not surprising due to the cruel nature of the play. Polonius is an older man who forgets what he is saying in the middle of a sentence and absolutely cannot come to a point quickly. Hamlet calls him a "great baby," and Rosencrantz says that when men grow old, they mentally become children. After Polonius is killed, Hamlet refers to removing the body from room as "{lugging} the guts." Since the body has been stabbed, the reader can assume that Hamlet is making light of the bloody, most likely disemboweled corpse. First Polonius is mocked because of his age; then Hamlet returns to him dark humor. The most prevalent form of macabre humor is Hamlet's way of trivializing death. He makes many jokes about this . When he describes how a king could be digested by a beggar, one could envision Claudius cringing. Along with the image of death, Hamlet uses the word "progress," which indicates a royal journey. He taunts the king and death at the same time. Later during the graveyard scene, he asks Yorick's skull: "Quite chapfall'n?" He is asking if the skull is down in the mouth or depressed, which is a sick question to ask of a long dead cranium. An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet    In Hamlet, the majority of the comic relief is dark and depressing. The main character is obsessed with death and makes morbid jokes about old age, deception, and corpses. This side of the character is shown so that the reader can understand how much this disturbs the prince. The result of this is a play with some very depressing scenes. Hamlet's negative attitude gives way to many sadistic jests at the events surrounding him. He tells his friend Horatio that the food brought for the funeral was served at the wedding, also. This joke is sad because Hamlet is still grieving while he is forced to endure the pungent incestuous image of his mother sharing a bed with his uncle. This disturbing time for him leads to most of his depressing humor. His family's blatant deception causes him to state sarcastically that if the world is honest, then the end of the world must be near. The reader can identify with Hamlet's feelings of bitterness and disillusionment because of his sarcastic reactions. Fairly soon after, Polonius becomes the object of Hamlet's ridicule. The appearance of this aspect of humor is not surprising due to the cruel nature of the play. Polonius is an older man who forgets what he is saying in the middle of a sentence and absolutely cannot come to a point quickly. Hamlet calls him a "great baby," and Rosencrantz says that when men grow old, they mentally become children. After Polonius is killed, Hamlet refers to removing the body from room as "{lugging} the guts." Since the body has been stabbed, the reader can assume that Hamlet is making light of the bloody, most likely disemboweled corpse. First Polonius is mocked because of his age; then Hamlet returns to him dark humor. The most prevalent form of macabre humor is Hamlet's way of trivializing death. He makes many jokes about this . When he describes how a king could be digested by a beggar, one could envision Claudius cringing. Along with the image of death, Hamlet uses the word "progress," which indicates a royal journey. He taunts the king and death at the same time. Later during the graveyard scene, he asks Yorick's skull: "Quite chapfall'n?" He is asking if the skull is down in the mouth or depressed, which is a sick question to ask of a long dead cranium.

Media and the Public :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When radio became popular around the forties and fifties, it was the one source of entertainment and news that people could enjoy in the comfort of their own home. In â€Å"Radio Days†, radio was a central part of the lives of the movie’s characters, especially Joe. Today however, radio does not act as the â€Å"hub† of information, like it was depicted in â€Å"Radio Days†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe, played by Seth Green and narrated by Woody Allen, had a miniature obsession with a radio program called â€Å"The Masked Avenger†, and other characters had similar fixations with different radio programs. Today the radio isn’t even considered, when people want entertainment. Television has replaced the format that radio used to have. No longer do people eat dinner and then gather in front of the radio to listen to a program. Radio had become a background soother. When driving in the car, one may turn it on and listen to it on a low volume, just so that there isn’t silence. Aunt Ceil, played by Renee Lippin, went on a date with a fellow who ran off in the middle of the date because they were listening to a program that involved an alien invasion, and he believed every word the DJ was saying. Even though there rarely is any programming like that on the radio anymore, today people are much more aware of what they hear on the radio. At the birth of radio, everyone believed everything they heard on the radio. People have become more critical and attentive as to what they HEAR and what they BELIEVE. In the forties and fifties radio format had mostly talk shows, news and occasionally music. Now it is almost opposite of what it was. Music has taken over radio, especially FM stations. There are news stations and a small amount of sports stations, but no more programs like â€Å"The Masked Avenger† anymore. AM stations still have some entertainment programming and NPR still has talk shows, but these stations are just no longer popular. In fact, they are a dieing breed; almost extinct. Radio holds a place in people’s lives today that is relevant, but not central as it was shown in â€Å"Radio Days†. I believe it has become better. In â€Å"Radio Days† the character actually listened to the radio. Today people only really hear the radio. With the inventions of the TV and internet, the fact that radio still holds its own in the entertainment industry is amazing. Media and the Public :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When radio became popular around the forties and fifties, it was the one source of entertainment and news that people could enjoy in the comfort of their own home. In â€Å"Radio Days†, radio was a central part of the lives of the movie’s characters, especially Joe. Today however, radio does not act as the â€Å"hub† of information, like it was depicted in â€Å"Radio Days†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe, played by Seth Green and narrated by Woody Allen, had a miniature obsession with a radio program called â€Å"The Masked Avenger†, and other characters had similar fixations with different radio programs. Today the radio isn’t even considered, when people want entertainment. Television has replaced the format that radio used to have. No longer do people eat dinner and then gather in front of the radio to listen to a program. Radio had become a background soother. When driving in the car, one may turn it on and listen to it on a low volume, just so that there isn’t silence. Aunt Ceil, played by Renee Lippin, went on a date with a fellow who ran off in the middle of the date because they were listening to a program that involved an alien invasion, and he believed every word the DJ was saying. Even though there rarely is any programming like that on the radio anymore, today people are much more aware of what they hear on the radio. At the birth of radio, everyone believed everything they heard on the radio. People have become more critical and attentive as to what they HEAR and what they BELIEVE. In the forties and fifties radio format had mostly talk shows, news and occasionally music. Now it is almost opposite of what it was. Music has taken over radio, especially FM stations. There are news stations and a small amount of sports stations, but no more programs like â€Å"The Masked Avenger† anymore. AM stations still have some entertainment programming and NPR still has talk shows, but these stations are just no longer popular. In fact, they are a dieing breed; almost extinct. Radio holds a place in people’s lives today that is relevant, but not central as it was shown in â€Å"Radio Days†. I believe it has become better. In â€Å"Radio Days† the character actually listened to the radio. Today people only really hear the radio. With the inventions of the TV and internet, the fact that radio still holds its own in the entertainment industry is amazing.

Cellular Phones: A Reliable Source In Society Today Essay

In today’s society it is hard to find someone who does not own a cell phone. It is almost like cell phones appeared over night, since we used to see nothing but rich guys in the 80’s carrying around large, chunky mobile phones to now where we have a variety assortment of smaller cell phones that we can choose from. Now a days, cell phones are used in just about every aspect of life, from work, to school, to emergencies, to browsing the web to get information, to playing games or just plain talking with a loved one, we use our cell phones. Some families have even gone strictly cellular and do not own a separate home phone. This is how popular cellular phones have become. Can one say that it is a form of technology that has enhanced our society? One would say â€Å"yes† it is. Just a few years ago, pagers were the thing to have, now with the advance technology of cellular phones, who needs pagers anymore? It has come to the point that now you will see a 10 year old with a cellular phone. Many parents feel better if their child has a phone to where they can reach them at any given point. However, is this really necessary? I mean, when I was 10, if I was not at home with my mom, I was either in school or over a relative’s house, nonetheless, my mother knew where I was at all times. This is just one example of how cell phones have become heavily relied upon in society. Let us explore how useful cellular phones have become and how we as a society rely upon their use each and every day. To begin let us go back into history of how cellular phones came about. According to Jamie Brown at Yahoo! Yahoo! Voices. Contributor Network, Cell Phone History: Technology and Innovation Over the Years. (January 12, 2009). Retrieved from: http://voices. yahoo. com/cell-phone-history-technology-innovation-over-2414208. html. â€Å"The very first cell phone was developed in April 1973 by Dr. Martin Cooper, a manager at Motorola, and a group of fellow inventors. Cooper called his competitor on the cell phone he had just invented. The technology was called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). It took ten more years for the first analog cell phone to be developed for commercial use by a company called Ameritech. As I have done my research on the use of cellular phones today, I have come to find that much of society have many uses for the cellular phones. Many own a Smartphone and some may be like me and still own a basic phone. Nonetheless, just to own a cellular phone is a plus, and you are looked at strange if you say you do not own one. As I was reading an article on CNN Tech, by Amy Gahran, October 22, 2010, she referred to her â€Å"aha! † moment when she realized how the significant cellular phones were back in spring of 2009. She told the story of when she was on the bus sitting across from an elderly gentlemen who looked homeless. When all of a sudden a cell phone rang, and the man reached into his pocket and pulled out a flip phone and commenced to having a conversation, confirming an appointment to get off the streets. Now just looking at this, I realized that there are many people out there who may not have a place live, actually living in shelters, but they will have a cell phone. When I asked my husband Michael how prevalent are cell phones in shelters (because he used to be in one through the Salvation Army back in 2010), he stated: â€Å"yes there were plenty of people in there who had cell phones, they had to have a way for people to get in contact with them. And you have to realize, there are so many government programs that issue out free cell phones, anyone could have one. † Now based on that fact alone, I realized that our society, really could not function properly without the use of cellular devices. Since their inception, technology has evolved to where we basically need the use of cellular devices, just to get by in our day to day lives. Thinking back when I was younger and wished I had a way to get in contact with my mom, about when to pick me up from school. Only way I could reach out to her was to call the house, not realizing if she was not at home she would not receive my message. Oh boy, how I wished we had the luxury of small mobile cellular devices back then, instead, we had the big bag mobile devices, that only those who could afford it carried them around. After further research, there are many who believe that cellular phones have been a very much needed and great asset to our society. According to Foram Mehta, on an article done on Buzzle website titled: How Cell Phones are Changing Our Society. They do break it down on how society has been using cellular devices and for what reasons.

English thematic essay

During a celebration Cassia begins to drink Sago uses the situation to his diva mintage. He begins to use subtle actions to get Cassia progressively drunk, for example he sings to excite Cassia and make him gullible and he says subtle things in his song like â€Å"Drink ho! † in Act II Scene Ill. This provokes Cassia to drink more and because of hubris when he is called drunk he denies the statement, becomes enraged, and attacks Ordering and Montana no.Othello hears the commotion and asks what happened, Sago pretends like he doesn't want t o betray Cassia and â€Å"accidentally† gives up Cassias name when he says, â€Å"l had rather have this t unguent cut from my mouth then should it do offence to Michael Cassia. † By saying this, his owe n reputation is still intact and actually seems more noble for what he said, Othello responds by saying â€Å"Thy honesty and love doth mince this matter, making light to Cassia. Cassia love thee but nevermore and officer Of m ine. TO Othello it appears that his lieutenant had a drinking problem and his actions caused him to lose respect for Cassia, but in reality I ago had manipulated Cassia in order to get him fired. After Cassia had been fired his reputation had been tainted. He felt that his re tuition was who he was, it meant everything to Cassia and it had been taken away from him. H e feels too ashamed to face Othello but wants to be reinstated knowing this Sago tells hi m â€Å"My wife must move for Cassia to her mistress I'll set her on.Myself the while to draw the m or apart. † He was basically saying for Cassia to go speak with Desman about his job and he would got Desman alone to speak to. While Cassia is speaking with Desman, lag o and Othello are walking together so Sago brings Othello to where Cassia and Desman are and when Cassia see's Othello he runs away. Sago then says â€Å"Ha! I like not that! â€Å"Len act Ill scene II As to say that Cassia had been caught, Sago had manipula ted the appearance in order t o cause Othello to become suspicious of Desman and Cassia.After this in act IV scene I Sago then further causes Othello to be suspicious when he told Othello he heard Cassia crying o UT Adhesion's name in his dream and after he sees Cassia heading in their direction he tells Othello to hide in some nearby bushes. Cassia and Sago begin to have a conversation about Bib NCAA but Sago mentions Desman to make Othello think it was about Desman. Othello o becomes enraged after this because Cassia says â€Å"I marry her? What a customer? † To To hello it had appeared that Cassia had been with Desman and even called her a custom mere (prostitute) but in reality Cassia was speaking of Bianca.Society has an extensive amount of expectations for people, in this case have Eng people defined by their reputation (appearance) in there feat to be civil and gain rep taxation they ironically become savage and are ignorant to that fact. They are also ignorant to the fact that it changes them and they become the person that there reputation describes w ICC is not always who they really are and for the people that have their true feelings (the reality of how the feel) concealed and lost by reputation, once that is lost they have nothing left.Once e their reputation is destroyed they begin to question whether they are civilized or savage, this is demonstrated after Cassia loses his position and says â€Å"Reputation, reputation, reputation O, ha eve lost my reputation! Have lost the immortal part of myself and what remains is beastie Othello has developed a good deal around the themes of civility vs.. Savagery and appearance v. S reality.When he is first introduced Othello is very calm and co Elected but as you go further into the play the themes influence him to do certain things for ex. ample the reason why Cassia, Othello very close friend who introduced him to Desman, was PU noshed so severely was because Othello is insecure about himself bei ng a savage which is why he became a general because people would be forced to respect his authority and reputation, but what good is his authority if his close friend and second in command was a drunken idiot.Also when Othello was tricked into believing that Desman was having an affair with Cassia, he ha become incredibly enraged at one point having an epilepsy due to anger as stated to C assai by Sago â€Å"No, forbear. The lethargy must have his quiet course, if not he foams at the mouth h, and by, and by, breaks out to savage madness†. Basically he was telling Cassia Othello needs t mime to cool down or he'll turn savage. Also compared to how Othello treated Desman with c are, calling her his sweet.Though in act IV scene I she is treated very much different for example e after Desman says ‘h,'Vhf sweet Othello? † He strikes her and calls her â€Å"Devil†. The reasons why I feel appearance v. Reality is such an important theme in O Othello is because Sag o uses the appearance and people reputation and uses it to main palate them as he us BTL does when he gets Cassia to drink more and more leading up to a fight then using that to get Cassia fired.It is also used when Sago starts getting Othello suspicious of Cassia when Cassia has pure intentions. It also especially affects the lives of all the people at that time because reputation meant everything to them, it defined who they were, soma e examples include Cassia saying â€Å"Once reputation is lost what remains is beastie† and Othello chi sing to fire Cassia because he needed his reputation to stay undamaged to keep people from 10 Going down on him like he was a savage.

Curleys wife throughout Essay

In 1937, John Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and Men a novella about friendship during the Great Depression. The novella offers a unique and vivid insight into the lives of all social groups during the horrific collapse of the American economy. We’re given a comprehensive insight into the life of woman; a minority group in the American society. During the novella we only meet two women, Curley’s wife is one of them, a very naive young girl. In the novella, Steinbeck uses status to make us the reader feel compassionate towards Curley’s wife and the minority group of women. Curley’s wife has limited status and to some extent freedom on the ranch because she is a woman, a social minority. â€Å"Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody, I get awful lonely† Steinbeck uses Curley’s wife’s loneliness to make us the reader feel compassionate towards her as no one wants to participate in conversation with her. Candy regards her as â€Å"Jailbait† indicating she is a young female seeking to get men into trouble. Jailbait is slang for a minor who is younger than the legal age of consent for sexual activity, with the implication that an older person might find him or her sexually attractive. â€Å" I never get to talk to anyone† on the ranch there is a strong prejudice towards Curley’s wife, the men of the ranch have some very strong opinions however Candy is rather cruel about her throughout the novella and even when she is dead he verbally abuses her; â€Å"You god damn tramp, he said viciously† throughout the novella we have been aware of a bazaar tension between Curley’s wife and Candy, Candy and Curley’s wife are both regarded as a members of social minority groups. This relationship is perhaps very unequal because Candy is scared of the power Curley’s wife has. Her strength arises from her membership of being a female on the ranch, she has neither mental or physical strength but she has the ability to get Candy or any other ranch occupant lynched or sacked, which is possibly one of the reasons why he hates her. â€Å"Then-it’s all off? Candy said sulkily. † during this tragic time of Curley’s wife’s death, all Candy can think about is his and George’s agreement to buy their own ranch. â€Å"I get awful lonely† Steinbeck makes the reader develop a sympathetic feelings about Curley’s wife as no one wants to talk to her, her own husband doesn’t want to be with her and when he does conversation isn’t on his mind. Curley’s wife urges for attention and status on the ranch. Curley’s wife views herself higher than other people on the ranch, â€Å"they left all the weak ones here† Curley’s wife ironically insults herself by mistake during a dispute in Crook’s bedroom. â€Å"All the weak ones† the irony is that Curley’s wife is in essence calling herself weak. She views herself as an occupant of the ranch with high importance but in reality she is as weak if not weaker than anyone else on the ranch. Her lack of status is because she is a woman and acts in rather provocative way, whilst reading Of Mice and Men it is obvious that she carves attention. The use of the word â€Å"weak† is interesting as it means to lack the power to perform physically demanding tasks; having little physical or mental strength. This is ironic as she is an attention-seeking child. Steinbeck uses foreshadowing to make the book feel more like a piece of readable art. The effect of this in the novella is to make the book interact with emotions and thoughts; in some instances it can appear rather predictable but as enjoyable if not more than any other book. The effect on the reader is that they read on to see if their opinions and thoughts which were sparked by the effect of foreshadowing, are true. In chapter two we meet Curley’s wife for the first time, â€Å"both men glanced up, for the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off. A girl was standing there looking in† as the reader this is our first encounter with Curely’s wife, she is presented as a source of danger, but there is a deeper meaning to this. Steinbeck uses light as hope and it enters the bunkhouse until Curley’s wife stands in the doorway and blocks light from entering the bunkhouse. Immediately Curley’s wife is presented as trouble, this scenario is an example of foreshadowing. Curley’s wife dies because of her innocence, when we first meet her in the novella she appears in a rather innocent but provocative manner. â€Å" Her hair hung in little rolled clusters like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps oh which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. † She appears to dress much older than she really is. Steinbeck allowed us to know this by â€Å"A girl was standing there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which indicates that she is quite young but dresses as an older lady which portrays to us the reader that she is really innocent and rather lost in a world she doesn’t quite understand. When we first meet her we see her as a rather flamboyant, confident young woman but towards the end of the novella her persona changes. Before Curley’s wife’s tragic death she confides in Lennie and we see her youth and innocence open up to Lennie. â€Å" He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. Soon’s he got back to Hollywood he gonna write to me about it. † Curley’s wife opens up to Lennie about an experience she had with a man who worked in Hollywood, who promised her a career in the movies. Curley’s wife’s innocence and naivety were her own weapons of disaster. It was her innocence that sneakily leads her to her death but Steinbeck warned us about this cataclysmic event from our first introduction to Curley’s wife.